FIVE

A. The exchange between the Egyptian ambassador in Byblos and the king over the needed procurement of timber for the Egyptian’s fleet show that they fully respect their Gods and their obligations and their increasing trade and cultural exchange allowed small-city states like Byblos to cooperate with giant civilizations like Egypt. A. The Phoenician Experience- along the Mediterranean 1. Good environment with bad farming- accessible water, mountains w/wood for shipbuilding and timer exports 2. Their craftsmanship of temples and shipbuilding came from diff. societies in exchange for goods. 3. They colonized many regions all over the Mediterranean b/c it was the only way to trade w/ a region that didn’t have trading experience and merchants class 4. They were agents of cultural exchange- borrowing goods and having their own unique goods like clay-lined beehives 5. The colonies remained even when they fell to foreign raiders/rulers 6. Carthage- had fertile land and was perfect for trade. Despised by Greece and the Romans b/c of its trading successes 7. When captured by the Romans, they kept some of the Phoenician culture while adopting new languages and such 8. Writing systems based on syllables and logograms-simple writing system increased number of literate people and influenced Greek and Roman writing B. The Assyrian Empire-formed after Hatti’s extinction and in the Upper Mesopotamia 1. Good environment-sufficient rain for agriculture along Upper Tigris 2. Supremacy was looser- local rulers only had ceremonial roles and kings appointed governors to run provinces 3. Fear sparked their ideology of domination 4. Their kings were heroic and intimate w/Gods-not divine a. ex: King Ashurbanipal- never dethroned war as the Assyrians’ priority and made a lasting impact on the empire by using palace-building to bring subjects together 5. Instability of the monarchy- claimed to communicate w/forces in nature (magic, curses) to enhance their power 6. Ambitious women did some things the kings did and helped their sons C. Babylonian Revival- lower Mesopotamia and was the resting place of learning and remaining wealth 1. Always tried reclaiming their independence 2. Became an imperial metropolis as rulers like Nebuchadnezzar ruled- restored ancient glories and built gardens of Babylon and city walls 3. Babylon and Egypt tried replacing Assyria by fighting one another A. Greek Environment 1. In bad condition, w/ the Mycenaean palace in ruins, unreliable Barley as their staple crops and lived by goat farming and in huts 2. Trade and industry were ways to escape rural poverty 3. The olive oil production sparked commercial enterprise and spread all over the Mediterranean and Black sea- the olive oil came from easy to grow crops and had many uses, used in fuel lamps and added flavor to their diets 4. Trade growing so rapidly that some Greek states introduced their own coinage and designed and built new and improved ships to trade along the sea B. Greek Colonialism 1. Became colonizers b/c Iron tools improved agriculture and increase food production-led to an increase in pop. but had more demands on food and land 2. Formed colonies from the advice from Gods from oracles 3. Some colonized to escape famine and most colonists were outcasts, exiles, and criminals 4. The colonies still clung to familiar Greek ties and patterns 5. Growing contracts inspired Greek artists and thinkers-creation of writing system like the Phoenicians- alphabet used to record creative literature and preserve poems, like the Iliad and the Odyssey
 * I. Introduction**
 * II. Trade and Recovery in the Middle East**-cities around Byblos in Phoenicia began to expand their trade, making them grow rich, but conquests by land-based empires also made them as wealthy, threatening the trading societies like Phoenicia.
 * III. Greece and Beyond**

I. Building Anew in Sri Lanka A.) Location of Sri Lanka -Southern Asia, off the southern tip of India, in the Indian Ocean B.) Colonization -Colonized by seafarers from from the Indian Ocean Gulf of Cambay, on the edge of the Harrappan culture area. -But the Sinhalese had no connection with the Harrappans C.) Characteristics of the Sinhalese -Large scale builders -Irrigators -But produced nothing to rival the logic, creative literature, mathematics, and speculative science written down along the Ganges about 2,500 years ago. D.) Description of the Early Kingdoms Heartland -In the relatively dry northern plateau, where annual rain is heavy +About 60 inches a year -Painfully long dry spells were common -Summer droughts would crack the earth, shrivel the scrub, and scatter dust everywhere -Not always enough water for annual crops of rice +This meant that the Sinhalese colonist must have made considerable feats in hydraulic ingenuity to have built such great cities +Ex: Maduru Oya had artificial lakes that were filled from watertight valves -Capital: Anuradhapura +Had the largest artificial reservoir in the world E.) Important Idea to Know from Ancient Sri Lanka -Since the new initiatives in Sri Lanka show so little connection to earlier civilizations or to others of this era, it is important to acknowledge that civilizations can arise without the help either of recovered traditions or stimulations from outside influences. II.) The Frustrations of Isolation A.) Why Ancient Eurasia in Dominant in Historical Tradition -The cultures of Eurasia churned out huge amounts of documents and literature, much of which we can read today -We tend to pay more attention to history that seems to anticipate the way we live now B.) The Geography of the Americas and Sub-Saharen Africa discourages communication and cultural exchange -Most of Africa and Central and South America lies in the tropics +Here dense rain forests make it difficult and unhealthy for any outsider to attempting to cross them -Africa only has a few rivers, and for the most part, they do not allow long-range navigation -Cultural transmission in Africa and the Americas had to cross vast chasms of climate from north to south and south to north, calling for different survival strategies along the way -The Americas have no narrow seas for communication -The shores in sub-Saharan Africa have hostile winds C.) Why Eurasia’s Cultural Exchange was Rapid -It happened across zones of similar climate, with no need for either the people or the food plants and livestock they brought with them to adapt -It had small seas and favorable winds for maritime communication III.) Developments in North America (1000 B.C.E. – 500 B.C.E.) A.)The Dorset Culture, in far northern America -Built semisubterranean longhouses and stone alleys for driving caribou into lakes -Realistically depicted all the species in their environment -Invented the blubber-fueled soapstone lamp +This enabled them to colonize deserts of ice -Invented the barbed harpoon B.) Poverty Point -Located in modern day Louisiana -Worked in cooper and manufactured fine tools and jewelry of colorful stones -Trade C.) Ohio River Valley -Used sunflowers to supplement the food the gathered and hunted -Painted their dead and buried them with ornaments of copper and shell D.)Arizona, San Juan and Tucson Basins -Developed a new variety of maize +It matured in 120 days +They could now cultivate maize in dryer areas IV.) New Initiatives in Africa A.) Much slower than Eurasia B.) 750 B.C.E. Egypt weakened and a Nubian state reemerged on the Upper Nile, with its chief sites at Napata and Meroe +Once Nubia changed the main language to Nubian they became more Sudanic, moreAfrican C.) Africans developed hard-iron technology -First iron foundries were along the Niger River in West Africa around 500 B.C.E. D.) Bantu languages continued to spread south, reaching the Great Lakes of Central Africa by about 1000 B.C.E. -Here farmers grew grains and grams +Then the surplus allowed trade with Nubia -Replaced their rectangular buildings with round ones E.) Consequences of Trade -It led to the slaving activities of the Garamantes because the major routes were already developing across the Sahara from the Mediterranean +Another link was across the Indian Ocean from Asia to the Horn of Africa in what is today Somalia and Ethiopia. V.) In Perspective: The Framework of Recovery A.) The climacteric of the late second millennium B.C.E damaged and changed the frameworks of civilization but in most cases did not break them B.)Recovery sometimes happened in new places among new people -India gradually developing after the Harrappan Civilization fell -Mesopotamia and China were relocated C.) Traditions spread through neighboring regions -Greek traditions spread through the Ionian and Aegean Seas D.) Gradually and despite reversal people continued to make ambitious attempts to modify the environment, transforming new areas -In some parts of Eurasia the pace of state-building and economic expansion resumed and quickened E.) The imperial experiments between 1000 and 500 B.C.E failed F.) Political instability between rival states stimulated technological change -Such as: hotter furnaces and more iron -It also makes opportunities of patronage for artists and intellectuals +The “Age of Sages” in India VI.) Why did the original imperial projects fail?


 * Timeline**:
 * Assyrian timeline: year || Assyrian: event ||
 * 1000 BC || “Start” of Assyria becoming empire ||
 * 750 BC || Assyria is Empire under Tiglathpilaser III ||
 * Mid 7th century BC || King Ashurbanipal and the great feast ||
 * 689 BC || Sennacherib destroys city of Babylon ||
 * 620s BC || Assyrian empire falls ||
 * 605-562 BC || Peak of Babylon empire under king Nebuchadnezzar ||


 * Greece and Mediterranean: Year || Greece and Mediterranean: event ||
 * 1000-900 BC || End of Greek dark ages ||
 * 750 BC || Trade expands and Greek cities line Mediterranean ||
 * 500s BC || Greek colonies spread ||
 * 500 BC || Thracian city-states united ||
 * 500 BC || Illyrian, Garamantine, Etruscan, and Spanish civilizations thrive ||
 * 100 BC || Illiad and Odyssey probably written down ||

1000 B.C.E.- Civilization emerges in Ganges valley 1000 B.C.E.- Bantu farmers reach what is now Kenya in East and South Africa. Bantu Language expands southward 1000-500 B.C.E. -Dorset culture, Poverty Point, Foraging Communities, and San Juan and Tuscon basin civilizations develop 900B.C.E.- Sabean Empire Grows 857 B.C.E.- King Li takes over Zhou throne 842 B.C.E. – Rebels drive out King Li installing Xuan 800 B.C.E.- Upanishads written down 782 B.C.E.- Xuan dies 771 B.C.E.- Barbarians drive the Zhou out of their kingdom. 750B.C.E.- Nubian Empire re-emerges 500 C.E.- Mahavamsa written down 500 B.C.E.- First iron foundries emerge 100 B.C.E.- Bantu languages reach South Africa

2. **How did the Phoenicians influence the settlement, growth, and culture of the Mediterranean region?** 3. **How does the Assyrian Empire fit into the Conrad-Demarest model?** 4. **What long-term effects did the rivalry between the Assyrians and the Babylonians have in the Fertile Crescent region?** 5. **How did Greece’s geographic situation in the Mediterranean shape its internal development and colonization throughout the region?** 6. **How have recent reinterpretations changed the way in which we understand and evaluate Greek culture?** 7. **Why does Armesto consider an understanding of the Thracians, Illyrians, Garamantes, Etruscans, and others vital to the history of the Mediterranean? How does his revised interpretation, which includes these groups, differ from other histories of Western Civilization?** 8. **How does the Zhou Dynasty fit Conrad-Demarest’s model of empire?** 9. **How are the developments in the Indian subcontinent (South Asia) during the early first millennium BCE distinctively different from those of the Mediterranean, the Americas, or Africa?** 10. **What are the two primary model of recovery development in the second millennium BCE that Armesto presents?**
 * QUESTIONS: **
 * 1) **What are the key questions around which Armesto frames Chapter Five? Why does he think it is important to address these questions (see p. 122)?**
 * read and understand the question
 * actively read and understand Armesto’s Chapter 5
 * identify key points framed in the chapter
 * ask questions that the points answer in the chapter based on what information you’ve learned from the chapter
 * research effects of the key points in later chapters
 * read and understand the question
 * research the settlement, growth, and culture of the Mediterranean region
 * research the aftermath of the settlement, growth, and culture of the Mediterranean after the influence of the Phoenicians
 * compare the two research topics and analyze
 * synthesize response
 * research and read about the Assyrian Empire
 * reasearch and read about the Conrad-Demarest model
 * compare the Assyrian Empire to the Conrad-Demarest model
 * synthesize response
 * 1) Find what happened in the rivalry between Assyria and Babylonia
 * 2) Discuss the long-term effects of this rivalry
 * 3) Find how those effects affected the Fertile Crescent region
 * 1) Find how Greece developed and colonized
 * 2) Find how its development and colonization was affected by its geographic situation
 * 1) Find what our original interpretations of Greek culture were
 * 2) Find what our recent reinterpretations of Greek culture are
 * 3) Compare and contrast these different interpretations
 * Research how Armesto refers to the groups of the Mediterranean
 * Mark any areas which he refers to their “importance”
 * Research histories of the Western Civilization
 * Compare, contrast, and explain different aspects
 * Research Zhou Dynasty
 * Research Conrad-Demarest’s model of an empire
 * Draw parallels between the two
 * Research developments in the Indian subcontinent during the early 1st millennium
 * Research developments of the Mediterranean, the Americas, or Africa
 * Contrast and talk about the differences
 * Define “recovery development”
 * Find the two models


 * ID Terms:**
 * 1) **Phoenicians**- The Phoenicians were a maritime culture along the east coast of the Mediterranean whose chief interest was trade. The Phoenicians did not have farming land, only forests they could use for shipbuilding and timber exports, so instead turned to industry and trade. Phoenicians traded with nearly every culture surrounding the eastern Mediterranean sea. Phoenicians colonized many areas so they could trade with them. They founded the city of Carthage and colonized the islands of Malta and Sardinia. Phoenicians were important because they were agents of cultural exchange between the civilizations they traded with. Phoenician colonies remained even after Phoenicia was destroyed and Carthage in particular stayed a cultural hub until it was destroyed by Romans. The Phoenicians created the first known writing system that gave each sound one letter, an alphabet, as opposed to writings based on syllables or logograms writings, pictures. This writing system allowed for more literacy, as it had fewer symbols that needed to be learned. Two important cities were Tyre and Byblos. Tyre, a huge port, created a purple dye that later became the favorite color of Western antiquity, the royal color. Byblos is important because the city-state could challenge a giant like Egypt, and force them to trade for what they wanted, rather than just take it by force. (The ambassadors document-at the start of the chapter)
 * 2) **Carthage/Carthaginians-** A city founded by the Phoenicians around 800B.C. near modern day Tunis. By 500, after the fall of the Phoenicians, Carthage aspired to be an imperial capital of its own, fighting for control over Mediterranean trade. It was perfectally centered in the Mediterranean for trade and had a fertile hinterland of flocks, wheat fields, and irrigated gardens of pomegranites and figs and vineyards. In the end Romans defeated Carthage in three wars and destroyed the city in 146 B.C. destroying the records kept in the city that could have spread light on fall of Mycenae. Carthage was most important for its central role in trade,.
 * 3) **Forms of Writing**: Three forms of writing had presented themselves by the time of the fall of the Phoenician empire. Before the Phoenician alphabet was created, all other writing had been either logographic, based on syllables, or some combination of both. The older writings were better for early civilizations, who only used writing to record the words of kings or as shipping markers. These types of writing were only used by the elite, as they often had hundreds of characters that need to be learned in order to write with them. These were effective in saving space while writing. The Phoenician alphabet allowed widespread literacy, as it had fewer characters that needed to be learned. This widespread literacy resulted in works of fictions and drama to be written, not only articles of the court. Nearly every civilization now uses the idea of the Phoenician alphabet, adapted to fit their own language. A negative side of the Phoenician alphabet is that its words take up much more space on a surface, and therefore more material is needed to be write things down in their entirety.

4. **The Assyrian Empire** was located along the upper Tigris River, in the hills where enough rain fell to make agriculture possible without irrigation. The rulers considered themselves successful enought to contend for more than regional power, King Tiglath-pilaser III adoped the title of King of the Four Quarters(King of the World). The kings appointed governors to run provinces. Kings were heroic w/ gods, but not considered divine. Fear was the cement of Assyria’s empire, so they had an ideology of domination and militarism. Their monarchy was really unstable, so they felt the need to conquer to enhance power. King Ashurbanipal was probably the most self-celebrated monarch in the Mesopotamian world. There were many ambition women. Sammuramat, a woman, ruled the empire at one point.

5. As much of Southern Mesopotamia declined, trade shifted upriver to cities like babylon. As the Assyrian Empire grew, the Babylonians came under Assyrian rule, but the Babylonians wanted to keep their independence and frequently tried to reclaim it. In 689 B.C.E., Sennacherib attempted to stop the Babylonians’ revolting by destroying much of the city and killing its citizens. In 649 B.C.E. Ashurbanipal supposedly deported supposedly deported half a million people from their homes and sacrificed many others to his grandfather; however, the Assyrian empire extended its borders too far and crumbled due to attacks by multiple enemies. In the late 600s B.C.E., Nabopolassar (who claimed he had defeated Assyria) attempted to revive Babylon. The Babylonians went on to take over the spot the Assyrians had left as a major Empire. Babylon achieved its highest level of fame, under the rule of Nebuchadnezzar from 605-562 B.C.E. He attacked the kingdom of Judah, destroyed King Solomon’s temple in Jerusalem, deported the Jews into exile, and fought of the Egyptians at Carchemish in Palestine. He was more famed for his building projects, however, which included the “hanging” gardens of Babylon and city walls wide enough to race four chariots on. He was thought of as a restorer of ancient glories due to his rebuilding of old structures all over Mesopotamia. after Nebuchadnezzar’s reign, the Babylonian Empire began to decline. After five centuries and many battles with Egypt to replace Assyria, Babylon had virtually been destroyed by invaders.

6. During the early parts of the first millennium B.C.E. Greece was in a state of poverty. Greece attempted to improve its economic situation through industry and trade. the Greeks exported pots and olive oil (olives were the only product they could grow enough of to sell). Olive oil was a good product for export. Its care was seasonal and left plenty of time for seafaring. Olives also survived well at high altitudes and poor soil, both of which were very common in Greece’s environment. Olive oil’s uses included: fuel for lamps, cleaning the body (soap did not exist), and the addition of fat and flavor to the diet. Because the Greeks needed to be close to the sea to export their products, Greek cities were appearing around the Mediterranean, Black, Aegean, and Ionian Seas shortly after the middle of the eight century. Trade was quickly becoming the Greeks’ major business. Merchants and explorers were used as heroes by Greek authors. Some states constructed larger ships, enabling them to bring more products with them to trade, and introduced their own coinage.

7. **Greek Colonization and Society** The Greeks founded colonies on the advice of gods who spoke through oracles. These oracles gave a variety of reasons to colonize, such as to escape famine for example. Most of the colonists were exiles, criminals, and outcasts–frontiersmen forging a new society. But their lack of creativity caused them to stick to familiar ties and patterns, so Greek ways of life were reproduced. They had a writing system, and it was frequently used to record creative literature and preserve epic poems that people would recite at drinking parties. Homer recited poems such as The //Iliad//, which is about the interplay of gods and mortals during a military expedition from Mycenae to Troy, and The //Odyssey//, which recounts the wanderings of one of the heroes of this war’s way home.

//Ethne// and //poleis// Early Democracy Gender roles and hierarchy Greek Values Greek “purity” Horseback hero/god Sitalkes
 * 8. Greek Society**
 * //Ethne// = “tribes”
 * //Poleis// = “cities”
 * Two types of Greek community
 * Most early Greeks disapproved of Democracy
 * Mostly had elected or hereditary monarchs
 * Only privileged males considered citizens
 * Women were to bear and raise children
 * Found in plays
 * Homosexual relationships ok with elites, but average citizens did not approve
 * Women seen as inferior
 * Geeks were a self-made civilization that owed almost nothing to other cultures
 * 9. Thracians**
 * Much art centered around heroic figure on a horse
 * Worshiped
 * King of the Tharacian city-states who invaded Macedonia in 429 BCE
 * Build a palace there but failed to maintain a permanent empire
 * 10. Illyrians**
 * On coast of the Adriatic Sea
 * Urn that depicts luxurious lifestyle
 * Garamantes**
 * North Africa
 * 1000 miles of irrigation under Sahara desert
 * 14 cities
 * grew barley and wheat
 * slave traders, charioteers
 * No records of their own

11. **Etruscans:** The Etruscans lived in Etruria. Caere was an Etruscan city. It covered 150 acres and accommodated 20,000 people. The tombs of dead Etruscans were like houses, as if preparing the dead for the afterlife. The Etruscans specialized in the theater, and they gave the Romans the word for actor. Etruscan women had more freedom than Roman and Greek women. Etruscan women were able to leave their homes, play games, and dine with men, unlike in Greece, where women had no rights or freedoms. The Etruscans were not viewed as modest, and some people believe that they performed sexual acts in public. 12. **Decline of Zhou Dynasty:** As Zhou supremacy spread across China, the realm became decentralized. The Zhou believed that they were divinely chosen to rule the world, but when droughts occurred, the Zhou believed that their mandate with heaven was ending. King Li took power in 857 BCE, and he was self indulgent and ignored advice. Rebels drove him from the capital and installed a new ruler in Li’s place, Xuan. Xuan, the new ruler, was able to hold off barbarians and confront natural disasters. When Xuan died, an earthquake occurred. As Zhou wealth left with trade, other states became more powerful. In 771 BCE, barbarians drove the Zhou from their ancestral lands. The Zhou moved into the lands they took from the Shang, but these states were unstable. The Zhou were driven from their ancestral lands because of poor leadership and a harsh environment. 14. **North American Cultures:** Dorset People: The Dorset lived in the far north of North America. They built semi subterranean longhouses and stone alleys for driving caribou into lakes. The Dorset used soapstone lamps, fueled by blubber, to colonize the ice. The Dorset hunted musk ox and caribou. Because they had lamps, they were able to hunt on the ice. On the ice, they were able to kill seals and walruses without trouble, and the ice preserved the carcasses of the dead animals. The Dorset hunted with harpoons and spears. Early Greek Society ** · Some of the Greeks notions were mythical and Western tradition has multiplied them. · It is shown by the Greeks had a classical taste seeing as the walls in pure white marble buildings were covered in chaste specimens in gaudy colors for their day. · The G-ds were no longer personifications, but manipulators. · Their world was run by weird and bloody rites, goat dances, orgiastic worship, sacrifices, signs, and omens instead of by reason. · The Greeks had two types of communities: //ethne// and //poleis.// · They were also keen on the aspect of power belonging to the people. · Only the privileged males were counted as citizens (usually only if their maternal and paternal grandfathers were citizens before them). · Slaves made up 40% of them population in 5th century B.C.E Athens. · Leaders of whom popularity was not on their side could have been voted out of a place of power, and into exile, by a majority vote. · Women were excluded and were married off at the age of fourteen or fifteen. They normally did not go out in public due to the fact that their “jobs” were to bear, raise and tend to family. (Much unlike in Sparta where women who died giving birth were commemorated such as those soldiers who died in battle.
 * Poverty Point People**: The Poverty Point people lived on the lower Mississippi River. These people worked copper and made tools and jewelry. They were able to trade along the Mississippi, Red, and Tennessee Rivers. There were ten major settlements of these people, the largest encompassing one square mile. A mound was found in the largest settlement, and it was oriented to the spring and autumn equinoxes. This shows that the Poverty Point people grew up independent from cultures in Mesoamerica.

o //__ The Thracians __// § The Mediterranean Sea was a highway of cultural exchange due to the Phoenician and the Greek colonization’s. § Along the Aegean Sea the lands of the Thracians lie, all of their history demised by time, probably because they chose an odd material to keep records on. § Archeology is giving us hints to the lost culture by trying to decipher the only Thracian message sent to the Roman emperor in the 1st century. § In ~500 B.C.E., active leaders amalgamated the Thracian city-states in to a kingdom. <span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontsize: 11.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">§ In 429, the king invaded Macedonia, conquered the land and built a 12.5 acre palace-city of mostly mud bricks and paint stucco. <span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontsize: 11.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">§ He failed to build a permanent empire, marking a new period of the Thracians trying to survive. <span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New'; msobidifontsize: 11.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">o //__ The Illyrians and Garamantes __// <span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontsize: 11.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">§ Few sources have survived from these two civilizations which thrived on both shores of the central Mediterranean. <span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontsize: 11.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">§ The rulers and elites of Illyrian were buried with hoards of gold and silver and sacrifices of oxen and wild boar. <span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontsize: 11.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">§ The Garamantes were located on the other side of the sea in the region of Libya, North Africa. <span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontsize: 11.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">§ They dug irrigation tunnels under the Sahara <span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontsize: 11.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">§ They grew wheat where they could and barley elsewhere <span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontsize: 11.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">§ There are no records of their own, but early Greeks say they called them a slave-trading elite <span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New'; msobidifontsize: 11.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">o //__ The Etruscans __// <span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontsize: 11.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">§ Along the Northern shore of the Mediterranean Sea <span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontsize: 11.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">§ The soil had to be plowed nine times to make it furrow enough to plant crops <span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontsize: 11.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">§ We cannot decipher their inscriptions due to the fact that no one else understood their language <span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontsize: 11.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">§ Their art that they were primarily focused on was that of theatre <span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontsize: 11.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">§ They tended to borrow techniques from other cultures seeing as they worked for them <span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontsize: 11.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">§ Their tombs were that of the houses, preparing them for the afterlife <span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontsize: 11.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">§ Women had the freedom to go out of their homes, attend games, dine with the men, which the Greeks and Romans took as immodesty <span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontsize: 11.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">§ We can assume that women of the upper class were literate <span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New'; msobidifontsize: 11.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">o //__ Spain __// <span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontsize: 11.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">§ Many of the ancient Spanish artifacts still survive today <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontsize: 11.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Such as the belt of the hero and the sculpture of an imposing female called the Lady of Elche who was obviously a very wealthy woman of her time due to all of her jewelry <span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New'; msobidifontsize: 11.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">o //__ From the Mediterranean Sea to the Atlantic __// <span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontsize: 11.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">§ The Greek tale of Tartessos <span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msobidifontsize: 11.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">§ Native cultures were capable of spontaneous economic growth <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· The Zhou dynasty related their victory after conquering the Shang as a mandate from heaven. <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· The realm became increasingly decentralized as the dynasty expanded throughout Asia <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· The “self indulgent and heedless of advice” King Li was portrayed as a failure because he lost the mandate of heaven <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· In 842 B.C.E., he was driven from the land and they put a new king in charge, King Xuan, who was murdered by the ghost of a subordinate he killed unfairly. <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· From then on, the empire seemed to crumble. <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· After the traces of the Harappan people disappeared, Indian history differed greatly than the other regions of state-building and city-building. <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Indian civilization seems to deserve a pedigree as old as the Indus cities that deserved to have left lasting tradition.
 * <span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; msoasciifontfamily: Calibri; msoasciithemefont: minor-latin; msobidifontsize: 11.0pt; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: Calibri; msohansithemefont: minor-latin; msosymbolfontfamily: Wingdings;">à **** The Spread of State-Building and City-Building **
 * III. Empires and Recovery in China and South Asia **
 * <span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; msoasciifontfamily: Calibri; msoasciithemefont: minor-latin; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: Calibri; msohansithemefont: minor-latin; msosymbolfontfamily: Wingdings;">à **** The Zhou Decline **
 * <span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; msoasciifontfamily: Calibri; msoasciithemefont: minor-latin; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: Calibri; msohansithemefont: minor-latin; msosymbolfontfamily: Wingdings;">à **** South Asia: Relocated Centers of Culture **

<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· The Ganges Valley was abundant with rain and well-off forests. Only fine copperware is from this region and time period but no one has found whether they belong to the Ganges or were merely there by coincidence. <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· The 1st urban sites and fortifications in the Ganges valley have none of the tell-tale signs of Harappan order: no seals, no weights and measurements, no uniform bricks. <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· We know nothing about the political and social life of the Ganges <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· The literature of this time, though, survives in abundance <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· **//__ Upanishads – the theoretical sections of the texts; meaning literally: “the seat close to the master”. __//** <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·  **//__ Brahman – the extreme G-d of the Ganges valley __//** <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· The master of illusion was one of the two stunningly new, amazing ideas. The second was that of reincarnation, or rebirth. <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· We have no evidence to base answers to finding the speaker of these speculations (ideas from 6th – 1st century).
 * <span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings; msoasciifontfamily: Calibri; msoasciithemefont: minor-latin; msochartype: symbol; msohansifontfamily: Calibri; msohansithemefont: minor-latin; msosymbolfontfamily: Wingdings;">à **** The Ganges Valley **