SEVEN

=Persian Empire=

powerpoint:

ID Terms Colton Siegmund
 * Cyrus (II) the Great **
 * began the Persian Empire and its expansion form 550-530 BCE
 * overthrew the Median king in 550 BCE.
 * by 539 he had conquered Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, Lydia, and all the Greek cities on the Anatolian peninsula.
 * took him ten years to build his empire which stretched from the Aegean Sea to Central Asia.
 * (A map of this can be seen on the next page)
 * made moderate policies in the conquered areas
 * he only asked for a fair amount of tribute.
 * allowed the Jews in Babylon to return to Palestine and rebuild their temple.
 * killed in 530 BCE while fighting against the nomads east of the Aral Sea.


 * Cambyses II**
 * successor of Cyrus the Great
 * accepted cultural differences
 * conquered Egypt in 525 BCE
 * presented himself as a new Egyptian ruler
 * instead of a foreign conquerer
 * carved a granite slab in Egypt which said he would bring :
 * stability
 * good fortune
 * gladness
 * and health


 * Darius I **
 * the distant cousin of his predecessor, Cambyses II, and was not a modest person.
 * seized power at the age of twenty-eight.
 * began his reign by terminating a revolt in Egypt.
 * spread Persian power east and west, and annexed the Sind region in northwestern India.
 * claimed that with in his empire he cherished the good people, eliminated the bad, and prevented people from killing one another.
 * supervised the organization and establishment of Egyptian law.
 * in 519 BCE he made a law code for Babylon.
 * which were close to Hammurabi's laws, mad nearly 1500 years earlier
 * constructed the first Suez Canal, which connected the Mediterranean and Red Seas.
 * his Suez Canal was 125 miles long and 150 feet wide.
 * in 539 BCE he began building a new capital at Persepolis.
 * campaigned unsuccessfully against the Scythians in 520 and 513 BCE
 * in response to the Greek rebellion Darius decided to go west and attack the cities on the Greek peninsula. This plan failed.
 * <span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">(A map of this is on the next page)
 * <span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">after this failure Darius favored the democratic forces in the Ionian cities
 * because he wished for them to remove anti-Persian conservatives.


 * <span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">he minted coins.
 * <span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif;">sent an expedition to India which resulted in laying the foundation for the conquest the southern Indus River Valley, and more trade by sea.

**Darius I (Continued)**
 * worked to spread the religion of Zoroastrianism
 * by publicly attributing his victories to Ahura Mazda
 * Ahura Mazda=The god in Zoroastrianism
 * in Zoroastrianism a faravahar is one of the main symbols
 * faravahar=depiction of a //Fravashi// (guardian spirit)
 * by spreading Zoroastrianism was spreading the idea of a god being opposed by the devil
 * which might have influenced Judaism and Christianity

Xerxes I **Xerxes I (Continued)**
 * Darius I's son and successor
 * tried to conquer Greece for a second time in 280 B.C.E.
 * he attacked with a huge army
 * as well as a huge navy
 * the resulting war lasted two years
 * Xerxes I had one ally that was most effective
 * Queen Artemisia
 * from the Ionian Greek city Halicarnassus
 * Artemisia was glorified for three main things:
 * 1) Bravery
 * 2) Daring
 * 3) And the wise counsel she gave the Persian King
 * his attempt failed
 * but he still held a large part of Greece
 * he regained control of Egypt
 * his defeat in the 2 nd Greco-Persian war ended up being a vital turning point in Persian history
 * his policies weakened the Persian Empire
 * the policy was:
 * heavy taxation
 * by 424 B.C.E. the Persian Empire suffered from:
 * civil unrest
 * a result of fighting between the royal family
 * difficulty collecting taxes
 * and currency inflation
 * he gradually began to reverse the policies of Darius I and Cyrus the Great

Gender roles in the Persian Empire
 * Persians respected women.
 * Royal court attendants could be male or female.
 * Women could supervise groups of men and women.
 * Women could earn higher wages than men.
 * It was not a society of sexual equality.
 * Scribes had to be male.
 * Servers of rations had to be female.
 * Women got extra rations if they birthed boys.
 * Women had the right to hold property.
 * Women could be the backers and patrons of men who sought power.

Gender roles in the Persian Empire (Continued)
 * some queens and noble women had an influence on their husbands
 * some of them controlled large estates
 * some queens were said to be more aggressive than their husbands
 * Women could become independently wealthy
 * Irdabama, for example, was:
 * a major landowner
 * had control of a labor force of several hundred
 * she also ran her own wine and grain business
 * Egyptian women held onto most of the rights they had before be conquered by Persia
 * in Egypt marriages were mainly monogamous

King Philip of Macedon (II)
 * established a paid professional army
 * opposed to one made of citizens
 * made a more effective infantry phalanx
 * phalanx=<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; line-height: 16px;">a group of heavily armed infantry formed in ranks and files close and deep, with shields joined and long spears overlapping
 * in 338 BCE he unified the Greeks by forced
 * mainly by defeating the combined armies of Athens and Thebes in 338 B.C.E.
 * he then began to contemplate the idea of conquering Persia.
 * he was assassinated two years later
 * most likely by a Persian-backed conspiracy.

Alexander the Great (II) Alexander the Great (II) (Continued)
 * <span style="font-family: 'times new roman',serif;">succeeded his father Philip (II) at the age of nineteen.
 * <span style="font-family: 'times new roman',serif;">his mother was Queen Olympias
 * then he began to conquer Persia.
 * was interested in opening up the Indian Ocean trade
 * or at least in taking control of its routes.
 * his campaigns from 334 BCE he destroyed the Persian Empire in three years.
 * he then burned Persopolis, the Persian capital
 * his success was unimaginable
 * it is often attributed to luck on the battlefield and interconnected skill.
 * he eventually was convinced that he was divinely favored, or even divine.
 * his control slipped in the last years of his life.
 * he wanted to conquer beyond Persia’s boundaries
 * his troops refused, so he was forced to stop his invasion of India, shortly after crossing the Indus River.
 * died at the age of 32
 * from unknown causes
 * he died after setting the conquest of Arabia as his next objective.
 * he died in a drinking bout
 * the favorite form of excess in Macedonia.


 * <span style="font-family: 'times new roman',serif;">after death his empire was divided into parts, and governed by former Macedonian generals
 * <span style="font-family: 'times new roman',serif;">Ptolemy controlled Egypt and the eastern Mediterranean cost
 * <span style="font-family: 'times new roman',serif;">the Seleucus Family controlled Persia, Mesopotamia, and Syria
 * followers of Antigonus controlled Macedonia and Northern Greece
 * <span style="font-family: 'times new roman',serif;">(A map of this division is on the next page)
 * <span style="font-family: 'times new roman',serif;">became on of the worlds most written about hero.
 * <span style="font-family: 'times new roman',serif;">glorified in an epic poem in Malay.
 * <span style="font-family: 'times new roman',serif;">in Ethiopia, India, and Scotland kings named themselves after him.
 * <span style="font-family: 'times new roman',serif;">his material legacy was fairly short.
 * <span style="font-family: 'times new roman',serif;">his empire did not outlast him.
 * <span style="font-family: 'times new roman',serif;">though cultural exchanges throve in the areas among which it fragmented.
 * <span style="font-family: 'times new roman',serif;">the defeat of the Persian Empire, and the fall of Alexander the Great’s Empire resulted in a vacuum in the eastern Mediterranean that none of Alexander’s successors were able to fill.

Hellenistic Era (359-100 B.C.E.) Key Figures <span style="font-family: 'times new roman',serif;">__Main Persian Rulers__ <span style="font-family: 'times new roman',serif;"> __Significant Persian Women__ <span style="font-family: 'times new roman',serif;"> __<span style="font-family: 'times new roman',serif;">Key Persian Allies <span style="font-family: 'times new roman',serif; font-weight: normal;"> __
 * lasted centuries after the death of Alexander the Great (II)
 * Hellenism=the widespread culture that combined western Asian (mainly Persian) and Greek (Hellenic) characteristics.
 * during the era, Greeks ruled large parts of western Asia and North Africa
 * this was only ended by the Roman Empire
 * Hellenism focused less on individual freedom and the use of reason, and focus more on emotions
 * compared to earlier Greek society
 * conquered ares studied Greek and borrowed Greek art styles
 * 1) <span style="font-family: 'times new roman',serif;">Cyrus (II) The Great
 * 2) <span style="font-family: 'times new roman',serif;">Cambyses II
 * 3) <span style="font-family: 'times new roman',serif;">Darius I
 * 4) <span style="font-family: 'times new roman',serif;">Xerxes I
 * 1) <span style="font-family: 'times new roman',serif;">Irdabama
 * 1) <span style="font-family: 'times new roman',serif;">Artemisia, queen of Halicarnassus, an Ionian Greek city

Significant Persian Religious Leaders <span style="font-family: 'times new roman',serif;"> __Main Macedonian Rulers__ <span style="font-family: 'times new roman',serif;"> __Rulers of Alexander's Fragmented Empire__
 * 1) <span style="font-family: 'times new roman',serif;">Zoroaster
 * 1) <span style="font-family: 'times new roman',serif;">King Philip of Macedon (II)
 * 2) <span style="font-family: 'times new roman',serif;">Alexander the Great (II)
 * 1) <span style="font-family: 'times new roman',serif;">Ptolemy
 * 2) <span style="font-family: 'times new roman',serif;">The Seleucus Family
 * 3) <span style="font-family: 'times new roman',serif;">Followers of Antigonus

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">Timeline for the Persian Empire and Hellenistic Age


 * **1000s BCE** || Life of Zoroaster ||
 * **640 BCE** || Persians become vassals of Medes ||
 * **612 BCE** || Medes become dominant regional power after joining forces with Babylonians to overthrow Assyrians ||
 * **600 BCE** || Persians living in southeastern Iran under own ruling family (Achaemenid) but subjects to the Medes ||
 * **586-539 BCE** || Jews adopt some ideas from Zoroastrianism while held captive in Babylonia ||
 * **550 BCE** || Cyrus the Great overthrows Median King and becomes King of the Medes & Persians ||
 * **550-530 BCE** || Cyrus II, aka Cyrus the Great rules Persia ||
 * **547-546 BCE** || Conquest of Lydia ||
 * **539 BCE** || Cyrus the Great conquers Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, Lydia, and all Greek cities in Anatolia ||
 * **530 BCE** || Cyrus the Great is killed while campaigning against nomads located east of the Aral Sea ||
 * **530-522 BCE** || Cambyses II rules Persia ||
 * **525 BCE** || Cambyses II subjugates Egypt, claiming to be a new Egyptian ruler rather than a foreign conqueror ||
 * **525-523 BCE** || Conquest of Egypt ||
 * **521-486 BCE** || Darius I rules Persia ||
 * **520, 513 BCE** || Darius I fails when campaigning against Scythians ||
 * **519 BCE** || Darius I establishes law code for Babylonia that reaffirmed the Code of Hammurabi ||
 * **518 BCE** || Persian conquest of Indus Valley ||
 * **515 BCE** || Darius I begins to build his capital, Persepolis ||
 * **499 BCE** || Greek cities on Ionian coast of Anatolia rebel against Persian control ||
 * **499-479 BCE** || Greco-Persian War ||
 * **486-465 BCE** || Xerxes rules Persia ||
 * **480 BCE** || Xerxes tries to reconquer the Greeks ||
 * **424 BCE** || Persian Empire suffers from civil unrest, fights in ruling family, currency inflation, difficult tax collection ||
 * **400s-300s BCE** || Parthians migrate to Persia and conquer ||
 * **404 BCE** || Egyptian independence from Persia ||
 * **382-336 BCE** || King Philip II of Macedonia develops a paid, professional army ||
 * **338 BCE** || Macedonian army conquers Greek cities and armies of Thebes and Athens; Philip’s conquest of Greek states ||
 * **336-323 BCE** || Alexander the Great of Macedonia (Philip II’s son) creates the largest empire in Afro-Eurasian zone; revitalizes Greek society/creates Hellenism ||
 * **334-331 BCE** || Persian Empire dismantled in three major battles ||
 * **334 BCE** || Conquest of Persia ||
 * **332 BCE** || Invasion of Egypt ||
 * **330 BCE** || Occupation of Persia ||
 * **327-325 BCE** || Invasion of India ||
 * **323 BCE** || Alexander the Great dies in Babylon ||
 * **320s-300s BCE** || Alexander the Great’s kingdom divides between Ptolemy, Seleucus, and Antigonus families ||
 * **302-30 BCE** || Ptolemaic Egypt ||
 * **300s-100s BCE** || Hellenistic thinkers make numerous contributions to the understanding of the natural world, including Eratos (geographer), Hero (inventor), Diogenes (cynicism), Zeno (stoicism) ||
 * **238 BCE** || Parthian state in Persia ||
 * **141 BCE** || Parthians’ conquest of Seleucids ||
 * **53 BCE** || Parthians crush invading Roman army ||
 * **224 CE** || Parthians defeated by Sassanians ||

=__**THE ROMAN EMPIRE**__=



//**<span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0px;"> ID TERMS**//
 * __Punic Wars__- The Punic Wars were a series of three wars between Rome and Carthage. These battles varied greatly from Romes standard land battles with their legions because Carthage's strength lay in its navy. The Romans had no experienced navy and rarely even went to sea at all. In the first war the Romans outfitted ships with their legions and a metal plank with hooks that could lock into an enemy ship. They would sail beside a Carthaginian ship, latch on, and board it. Through this Rome emerged victorious in the first war. In the second war however Carthage got its vengeance. Led by Hannibal The Carthaginians led their forces around the Mediterranean Sea to Rome, a major accomplishment as there were many mountains and obstacles in the way. The Romans expecting the Carthaginians to attack from the sea were unprepared for the attack and suffered many losses. It was truly luck that kept them alive. In the third war Rome was fed up of Carthage and simply went to crush what remaining forces they had back in their homeland utterly destroying them.
 * __Roman Annexation__- Roman annexation was a vital part of their conquering ideology. It did not suite them well to annihilate all cultures they came upon and force all people to fall in line with Roman standards. This would not only cause turmoil in those provinces, but also create the problem of establishing a whole new government for each conquered area. Instead they would leave the governing system of the conquered area functional with only a Roman governor to supervise and remind the people who was in charge. This method allowed for further expansion as time was not need to reform government and was practical as the empire grew. Because their were no modern technologies to aid communication, a province would need to be for the most part self sufficient. An all Roman government taking orders from Rome itself would not have the flexibility needed to function. The Roman annexation allowed the empire to expand to its full potential.
 * __Spread of Roman Art/Architecture__
 * More realistic than Greek art - portrayed themselves closer to what everything actually looked like
 * Political = Architecture and Art became a way to exhibit wealth and power in context of the ancient world; Colosseum = power
 * Social = Represented realistic portrayal of themselves; not portrayal of perfection like the Greeks
 * Economic = Demonstrating wealth they had amassed


 * __Germanic Populations__
 * Political = were not conquered by the Romans; eventually they were responsible for the invasions that toppled the empire
 * Social = they were thought of as barbarians
 * Economic = nothing compared to the wealth of the Roman Empire


 * __Julius Caesar__
 * Political = was first //imperator//; declared himself as dictator perpetuus (lifelong dictator)
 * Social = people thought he would be the next generation of kings; other senators assassinated him on the Ides of March (15th)
 * Economic = Wealthy; member of the elite class of Rome


 * __Roman political structure (consuls, Senate, tribunes, etc.)__- The Roman republic and most of the Roman empire government was part oligarchy by the way of the elite class control much of Rome, but the government was also part representative with some offices being elected by popular election. The government was also a system based on checks and balances. There was a balance of power between the Senate and all the magistrates i.e censors, tribunes, aediles, consuls, praetors, and quaestors. Censors conducted the census of people and property assessments for tax purposes. This system also gave a say to the poor class,plebeians, by the way of tribunes. Tribunes were elected by the plebeian class to protect them from arbitrary action of other magistrates, they had the power of veto, and could convene with the Senate. Aediles supervised public events and games and controlled the grain supply. 2 of the 4 aediles were plebeians. Consuls were chief magistrates who presided over the Senate, pushed legal and administrative legislation, and served as generals in the army. Consuls, during the republic, could be elected to serve as dictator in a time of crisis for 6 months, then give up the dictatorship. The ideal Consul was that of Cincinnatus who was a glorious dictator in his time of duty then gave up power and returned to working on his farm. Praetors were judges in court, could convene with the Senate, and could have administrative duties in the Senate if the consul was absent. The quaestors worked for the treasury and dealt with finances. They had automatic application into the Senate. The ideal political climbing for a Roman land owning male was that of the [|cursus honorum.]
 * __Caesar Augustus__ - //princeps-// Caesar //A//ugustus, better known as Octavian, was the first emperor, or princeps, of the Roman Empire. He ruled from 27 B.C, till his death in A.D 14. After Julius Caesars death in 44 B.C, Octavian joined the triumveret of Rome with Mark Antony and Marcus Aemilius. All 3 of the triumvirs were constantly re-elected and ruled Rome almost autocratically. Soon the triumveret was torn apart by eachs self interest and longing to rule Rome. Marcus was forced into exile and Antony commited suicide after Octavian's army defeated Antony's army. In the new Roman Empire, Octavian had power vested in the Senate, but retained his autocratic power. Octavian ruled through patronage, the military, and the correcting of all that was defunct in the old Roman republic. Octavian shifted Rome from a period of war and violence to one of the Pax Romana, or Roman peace. Octavians empororship laid the framework for all the princeps to come.

//**CHRONOLOGY**//

 * 800 B.C.E- Roman state began as a local monarchy in Italian Peninsula
 * 509 B.C.E- Rape of Lucretia; Roman Republic begins and kings are over thrown
 * 264-164 B.C.E- Punic wars against Carthage. Rome flex's its muscles as they now control the Mediterranean. Shows there fierce militaristic ideology as they salt the earth of Carthage
 * 49 B.C.E- Julius Caesar takes over, Roman selfishness sets in as the man supposed to be dictator for 6 months then steps down becomes Autocrat till death. Julius has multiple military conquests and famously defies the Senate by crossing the Rubicon river with his troops. Sets in Civil war
 * 44 B.C.E- Julius Caesar is murder by many people by famously by his friend Brutus. "Et tu Brute?" (Ides of March)
 * 27 B.C.E- Octavian takes over after competition amongst the triumvirate as the first Emperor of the new Roman Empire
 * 25 B.C.E- 180s A.D- Octavian shifts ideology and enters period of "Pax Romana" with Rome instead of a military power, a peaceful empire
 * 284 C.E- Under the rule of Diocletian, the Roman empire splits into two halves, the eastern and the western
 * 313 C.E- Constantine with the Edict of Milan makes Christianity legal in the Roman empire
 * 476 C.E- Official fall of the Roman Empire as it is taken over by foreign invaders

Presentation

Han Empire
__Zhang Qian__- Zhang Qian was a chinese ambassador who set out for Bactria in Central Asia. He wrote the first reports of commerce across Eurasia. His mission was one of the most adventurous journeys in history. in 12 years, he was captured trice and escaped both times. His reports consisted of what he saw and how he saw chinese cloth that had somehow made it to also recruit allies for the Han dynasty.

Qin Dynasty-(221- 206 B.C.E) Li Si: -Chief adviser to Shi Huangdi. - Prime Minister of the Qin dynasty. - Legalist - Argued that those who used the past to oppose the present (Confucians) had to be exterminated. Shi Huangdi: First Emperor of China- Son of a Qin prince and his concubine.- Quite young (not yet 40) when he became emperor.- Lived in guarded privacy.- Superstitious and searched for an elixir of immortality.- Believed in military extension.- Fostered general hatred.- Died in 210 B.C.E.- Buried with life-sized terracotta horses and warriors with bronze armour.- Death caused revolt and the beginning of the Han dynasty. Economy:- State monopolies over state commodities.- High taxes and forced labor on government projects. Government:- Legalist Government- Population was regimented and militarized.- Military expansion, monolithic state- Most terrible period in Chinese history because of strict laws and hard labor.- High taxes- Construction of the Great Wall was a tax obligation.Ideology: Legalism- Legalists believed that morality was meaningless and obedience to the state was the supreme good. The state had the right to enforce laws under threat of the harshest penalties. Legacy:- Standardized weights and measurements.- Unified economic and agricultural practices and codified rules.- Construction of roads, bridges, dams, and canals to aid communication.- Made sure wheel axles to be the same length for universal use.- Standardized the written language.- Express “postal service” was created that conveyed documents written on strips of bamboo around the country.- Had harsh laws that ended crime.- Construction of the Great Wall of China- Established territorial boundaries and protected the Qin territory from Central Asian warriors like the Huns.
 * Includes ID terms for Legalism, Qin Dynasty. and Shi Huangdi***

Role of Empress in Han Dynasty-Women in the Han Dynasty had to be devoted to their parents then their husband when they married and then their sons. They often worked all day in the fields or marketplace before coming home and taking care of the house and children. Steppelands/Xiongnu Empire-The Xiongnu Empire was located in the Steppelands and was a branch of the Huns. They were a group of tribes that together formed a large confederation. The Xiongnu often raided and attacked the Han Empire and became a large problem for the Han. The Xiongnu and the rest of the Huns were one of the reasons the Great Wall of China was built by the Qin. Their success was mainly due to their skill with mounted archery. Their economy was based on raising livestock. Wei Qing-Wei Qing was a Chinese general during the Han Dynasty who led many successful campaigns against the Xiongnu. These offences were actually part of China’s defense against the Xiongnu (with the mindset that offence is the best defense). Through the course of the campaigns, Wei Qing convinced several of the Xiongnu tribes/groups to fight alongside the Chinese against the main Xiongnu force. His campaigns were so successful that they actually halted Xiongnu attacks for a brief time. Ban Zhao (General)-Ban Zhao was a Chinese general after Wei Qing. After Wei Qing’s success, Ban Zhao led his own campaigns against the Xiongnu. His strategy involved turning nomads against each other in order to get his job done without losing too many Chinese lives. His campaigns led him far from the Han Empire where he led other rising states to join his fight against the Xiongnu. This weakened the Xiongnu and kept them busy with other attacks, which decreased the Xiongnu’s attacks on the Han Empire. Ban Zhao (Writer)-Ban Zhao was the most famous female scholar in Han China. She wrote about the role of women in Chinese society. In addition to being a writer, Ban Zhao was also an accomplished historian, mathematician, and astronomer. She emphasized Confucianism in her writing and became a great influence on the women in Han China.



media type="custom" key="4709117" http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0POuzVAYmKY

====**Mauryan Empire** Chandragupta ruled from 324 to 301 BCE Ashoka ruled from 269 to 232 BCE conquered Kalinga in 260 BCE bargained with the clergy in 258 BCE ; clergy should hear scriptures frequently around 258 BCE he made a pilgrimmage to the scene of Buddha's enlightenment in his 26th year of reigning he said that the role of his administrators to people was like the way nurses cared for children 200 BCE the empire broke up into separate states Empire collapsed 185 BCE Empire founded 322 BCE 258 Ashoka converted to Buddhism ca 200 BCE break up of empire ID Terms:==== -bargained with the clergy in 258 BCE ; clergy should hear scriptures frequently -around 258 BCE he made a pilgrimmage to the scene of Buddha's enlightenment - Ashoka was the grandson of Chandragupta -rose to power by eliminating his rivals -after his conversion to Buddhism, promoted policies of peace -"Beloved of the gods", which meant he thought of himself as a semi-deity -stopped military conquest after his conversionBuddhism and Ashoka -promoted pascifist teachings of the Buddha -designed laws to encourage Buddhist virtues like compassion, mutual tolerance, and respect for all forms of life -dispatched Buddhist missions to different countries and was able to spread the religion to Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, and Afghanistan -he toured the empire, distributing alms and consulting holy men -made a pilgrimmage to the scene of Buddha's enlightenment **Ashoka** ruled from 269 to 232 BCE -conquered Kalinga in 260 BCE -bargained with the clergy in 258 BCE ; clergy should hear scriptures frequently -around 258 BCE he made a pilgrimmage to the scene of Buddha's enlightenment - Ashoka was the grandson of Chandragupta -rose to power by eliminating his rivals -after his conversion to Buddhism, promoted policies of peace -"Beloved of the gods", which meant he thought of himself as a semi-deity -stopped military conquest after his conversion **Buddhism and Ashoka** -promoted pascifist teachings of the Buddha -designed laws to encourage Buddhist virtues like compassion, mutual tolerance, and respect for all forms of life -dispatched Buddhist missions to different countries and was able to spread the religion to Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, and Afghanistan -he toured the empire, distributing alms and consulting holy men -made a pilgrimmage to the scene of Buddha's enlightenment **Break Up of Mauryan Empire** -within 50 years of the death of Ashoka, regions were breaking away from the empire -it is a possibility that Ashoka's pacifist way of life and laws led to the break up by weakening the military Political -the methods and means of government reflected central control; the Mauryan government favored political socialization. -the entire state was ruled by a powerful state that probably offered the most efficient government in the classical world. - a large army and secrot police maintained order -The rulers were very "hands-on"; Ashoka constantly recieved reports and supervised government officials, and spies kept the officials under constant survelliance. - to maintain the expensive government, the state claimed between a quarter and a half of all agricultural production while also heavily taxing trade, mining, herding, and other economic activities. -For both Hindus and Buddhists, the Mauryas created a political legacy of the universal emperor, a divinely sanctioned leader with a special role in the cosmic scheme of things. Social -Caste society so social rank was inherited, unchangeable, and made sacred by religious sanctions. -Brahmanical literature treated women as if they were imperfectly human. -Although the monarchy during Ashoka's reign was Buddhist, he neither made Buddhism the state religion nor persecuted other faiths. -Society possessed a strong sense of cultural unity. This culture and mindset emphasized loyalty to the social order, including the family and caste, rather than to the state. Economic -The Mauryan economy was a mix of private and public enterprise, which became a long-term pattern in India. - The government thought of material gain as the most important end in life because it made possible the other two aims, religious knowledge and pleasure. - Many economic activities, such as trading, mining and herding, were heavily taxed. -Commerce and trade played major roles in Mauryan society; it was how the economy prospered. Trade -Mauryan prosperity depended on the world's most advanced trading system and craft industries. -Well-kept highways fostered commerce. -Products and merchants traveled along the major east-west highway, which stretched from present-day Calcutta through the Ganges and Indus Valleys to the borders of Afghanistan. -Most cities had large merchant quarters, and many foreign merchants lived in the empire. -Active exchange took place with China, Arabia, and the Middle East over trade networks. Preconditions yes: -High agricultural potential in area -Environmental Mosaic a. borders = ganges valley, Hindu Kush Mountains, and frontier zone in and around the Krishna Valley b. two main types of environment, rainy and one requiring irrigation, and there are suitable crops for both --2 varieties of rice, 2 millet, wheat, barley, 6 sorts of beans, 4 types of oil seeds, various vegetables, herbs, and spices no: -state level government -sever small states w/o dominant one -Mutual antagonisms between those states Idealogy of Conquest -had a strong and large army -Chandragupta held empire together w/ strong army and efficient administration Rewards Economic -they praised material gain, it was one of their idealogies -the economy was a mix of private and public interprise Population -Patna, the capital of the Mauryan Empire, had about 500,000 residents and was the largest city in the world for that era Empires Fall Mauryan empire didn't fall due to revolutions or conquesting too much -Ashoka did obtain a pacifistic idealogy, but he still maintained a military force and the public respected his ideals so there was no rebellion. -His successors were unable to rule with popular acclaim. -Within half a century regions were succeeding, the Mauryas were overthrown, and the empire was destroyed.
 * Chandragupta Maurya** ruled from 324 to 301 BCE -established the first imperial Indian state -originally was ruler of the Ganges state Magadha -305 BCE Chandragupta made a treaty with Alexander the Great's heir that set the border along the Hindu Kush Mountains -political realist -rule was influenced by Legalist ideas
 * Patna** -Mauryan capital city -on the Ganges river -500,000 residents -largest city in the world for that era -surrounded by timber wall with 570 towers -wall was about 21 miles -Patna covered about 9 miles and was surrounded by a moat **Ashoka** ruled from 269 to 232 BCE -conquered Kalinga in 260 BCE
 * P/S/E Profile **
 * Conrad-Demarest Model **

Chronology:

Empire founded in 322 BCE Chandragupta ruled from 324 to 301 BCE Ashoka ruled from 269 to 232 BCE -conquered Kalinga in 260 BCE bargained with the clergy in 258 BCE ; -clergy should hear scriptures frequently around 258 BCE he made a pilgrimmage to the scene of Buddha's enlightenment in his 26th year of reigning he said that the role of his administrators to people was like the way nurses cared for children -200 BCE the empire broke up into separate states Empire collapsed 185 BCE