THREE

= ** Outline: **  = 1.Growing Communities, Divergent Cultures A. Predictable Changes in Communties 1. As markets grow, settlements acquire more craftsmen, trade expands 2. As larger units get organized, politically united groups of settlements expand number of gov’t functions 3. Densely settled communites also divde their population into more categories. a. As society gets bigger, people seek groups within it who they can identify with b. Rulers organize subjects into categories to according to needs of state 1. Collective labor, taxation, war 4. Social Classes/ Categories a. by power, privilege, or prosperity b. sometimes groups of people varied in wealth or rank were linked by a common allegiance B. Intensified Settlement and Its Effects 1. Aspero a. 3500 B.C.E. on alluvial plains in Coastal Peru b. 32 acres. 17 mounds supported 6 platforms and terraces, whith large dwellings and storehouses 2. Europe-technology and government innovations a. Carpathian Mountains-metallurgy b. Tisza-copper into beads and small tools. c. Bulgaria-trenches and palisades surrounded settlements d. Sredny Stog-earliest known domesticators of horses 3. Mediterranean-building projects a. Malta (btwn Sicily and North Africa)- first large stone dwellings known anywhere in the world II. Ecology of a Civilization A. Middle and Lower Nile River in Egypt 1. Egyptian pyramids, sphinxes and mummies B. Valleys of the Indus River and Saraswati River(now Pakistan) C. Mesopotamia 1. ziggurats(tall, tapering, steplike temples) and writing tablets D. Yellow River in China 1. Chinese bronzes, jades, and clays E. Civilization 1. People usually define it as societies that resemble their own 2. Ecology of a Civilization= the interaction of people with their environment By: Callie Strock

Time line(chart):
 * 9000 B.C.E. || In Tisza, (Hungary) copper is turned into beads ||
 * 9000 B.C.E. || In Bulgaria, people trade for gold ||
 * 5000 B.C.E || Beginning of intense agriculture in Great River Valleys; use of plows widespread in Mesopotamia ||
 * 5000 B.C.E || intensified farming in Egypt, Iraq, Pakistan, China ||
 * 5000 B.C.E. || plows drawn by oxen in Mesopotamia ||
 * 5000 B.C.E || domesticated horses at Sredny Stog ||
 * 5000-3000 B.C.E. || cultural divergence ||
 * 5000 – 2000 B.C.E || Four Great River Valley civilizations develop: Middle and Lower Nile, Egypt; Indus and Saraswati Rivers; Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, Mesopotamia; Yellow River, China ||
 * 4000 B.C.E. || Shaduf (bucket on pole) invented in Egypt ||
 * 4000-3000 B.C.E. || stone dwellings on Malta, in the Mediterranean ||
 * 3500 B.C.E. || large farming settlements in present day Lima and the Supe Valley ||
 * 3500 B.C.E. || elaborate tomb found on Orkney Islands, along with stone-built village ||
 * 3000 B.C.E. || Menes unites Upper and Lower Egypt; large cities appear in lower Mesopotamia (Sumer) ||
 * 3000 B.C.E. || big cities established in lower Mesopotamia ||
 * 3000 B.C.E. || remains of covered wagons at Sredny Stog ||
 * 3000-1000 B.C.E. || Indus Floodplain broader than Nile Floodplain ||
 * 2500 B.C.E. || Sargon of Akkad conquers Sumer; cities of Harappa and Mohenjodaro flourish ||
 * 2500 B.C.E. || Egyptian document written which tells story of a king and his dream ||
 * 2250 – 2000 B.C.E. || Ziggurat of Ur built ||
 * 2000 B.C.E. || Law code of Lipit-Ishtar (Mesopotamia); concept of afterlife becomes more moralistic in Egypt ||
 * 2000 B.C.E. || Harappan culture area biggest in the world ||
 * 2000 B.C.E. || Ur ||
 * 2000 B.C.E. || Nile Valley used for farming ||
 * 2000 B.C.E || First chariot ||
 * 2000 B.C.E. || cities and large states in Mesoamerica and Central America ||
 * 2000-1000 B.C.E. || Shang is the ruling dynasty in China ||
 * 1800 B.C.E. || Epic of //Gilgamesh// written down ||
 * 1700 B.C.E. || Law code of Hammurabi ||
 * 1500 B.C.E. || Reading of oracle bones becomes secularized in China; beginning of gradual expansion of Yellow River valley southward toward Yangtze ||


 * __Id terms__**

4. **The Major Rivers The Nile** – The irrigation in certain parts on the Nile created “little microclimates” They painted pictures of these that had orchards and gardens that shows what these places looked like. They helped keep the soil moist and full of nitrogen, which helped grow more wheat, in between the floods. The floods were regular and they kept the alluvial black soil around the Nile fertile. If the river did not flood, it was because the people forgot the gods who ruled from beyond the cataracts, the rocky rapids that were upriver. Everyday abundance is when a large population is guaranteed basic nutrition instead of having individual abundance. Having a surplus of foods helped create the everyday abundance because there was enough food for everyone to share equally rather than just have each family have there own supply of food, the state and priests divided up the food for everyone. The surplus also helped start trade to acquire certain resources that weren’t originally available to the Egyptians such as timber and aromatic plants for perfumes and incense.
 * The Indus and Saraswati** – The Harappan society is not understood well because most of its documents were washed away. Floods occurred twice a year once in the spring and once in the summer. They are most known for their cultural artifacts that include seals that they used to mark trading goods that had different pictures drawn on them. Some of them show “naturalistic representations of animals,” but most of them are “violations of realism.” Some of these include feasting tigers and the transformation of a human into a tiger.
 * Mesopotamia** – The Tigris and Euphrates rivers were unpredictable in their flooding cycles. The people believed that these floods were controlled by the gods, saying that when there were harsh storms that they were, “ordered by the storm-god in hate, it wears away the country.” When the floods helped the environment, they praised the goddess Nintu and the god Enki. Because of these irregular flooding cycles and the harsh environment, the Mesopotamians produced hardy plants, mostly barley.
 * Yellow** – The Yellow river flooded unpredictably also. The irrigation system used dikes to stem the flood, ditches to channel it, and artificial basins to conserve water against drought. Land around the river originally was mostly a savanna where many animals such as water buffalo, wild boar, and bamboo rats. They eventually planted grains and used soya beans as an alternating crop.

5. **“Civilization” vs. the Ecology of Civilization** Civilization is a way of life based on radically modifying the environment. This is basically a group of people who use or change the environment for their benefit. The Ecology of Civilization is the interaction of people with their environment. Examples of this are when the societies irrigated their fields or built large buildings. Civilizations are the product of the ecology of civilization.

6. **Early cities and societal structures in ARVCs** In Sumer, southern Mesopotamia, there were many cities. Each city was sacred to the deity it housed, and had a king who organized war. Ur was a famous city in Sumer; it had royal tombs and towering ziggurats that were built over 4,000 years ago. In China, there were “new frontier towns” such as Panlongcheng or Curled Dragon Town, which was in Hubei. This marked the growth of the kingdom and it consisted of one and a half acres. Harappan cities had the same structures. The layout of the city and the houses themselves were very similar. Mohenjodaro was a Harappan city and it was big enough to house up to 60,000 people and Harappa could house over 30,000.


 * 7.** **Labor specialization in Ancient River Valley Civilization (ARVC) cities**
 * Population density made specialization possible
 * Women tended to be subordinated to men
 * matrilineal to patrilineal descnet
 * birth rates rose rapidly – women + child rearing
 * art depicted women in servile roles
 * Women and children – textile workers in Ashur (N Mesopotamia)
 * However, they could also have great power – rulers, prophetesses, and preistesses


 * 8. Connection between increased agriculture and political developments?**
 * Intensified could have been a consequence of political changes
 * Increased food supply = More political organization
 * All practiced divine or sacral kingship
 * Rigid social hierarchies – placed the lives and labor of the inhabitants at the the disposal of the state


 * 9. Methods for surplus storage**
 * Collecting and storing grain was as vital as the system of flood control because the extent of flood could vary from one year to the next; necessary to be prepared in case of disaster
 * Civilizations of antiquity could not procure food through long-range trading
 * 1300 BCE – temple built at Abu Simbel to bury Rameses III – had storehouses big enough to feed 20,000 people for a year in case of famine
 * Grain had to be taxed under compulsion, transported under guard, and kept under watch
 * Pharaohs were highly glorified storekeepers


 * 10.** **Egyptian beliefs toward the afterlife –> factors that influenced and changed these views?**
 * Believed that the afterlife would reproduce the inequalities and lifestyles of this world (graves include cherished possessions and everyday belongings of this world to carry on into the next)
 * Uncertain date – new idea of afterlife emerged (the next world is not like this world)
 * 2000 BCE – most of the Egyptian higher class changed their attitude about the afterlife
 * Earlier tombs (before 2000 BCE) – antechambers for practical training for the afterlife
 * Later tombs (after 2000 BCE) – places of interrogation after a moral preparation for the next life (weighing the soul against the “feather of truth” – weigh good against evil deeds of the dead)

11. **Mesopotamian law codes**: Code of Hammurabi, the ruler of Babylon, survived intact. It is engraved in stone and shows the king receiving the text from the hands of god. Code of Hammurabi took place of the king while he was physically not present. Mesopotamians considered the king’s word like a god’s word and followed it obediently.

12. **Oracles** are the means of supposed access to knowing the future that told kings what to do and Augurers were the hereditary interpreters of oracles. Unlike the shamans from tribes, oracles did not limit the royal power and kings firmly controlled the oracles. However, oracles and shamans are similar in ways since they both serve as the connection to god.

13. **Epic of Gilgamesh** is the most famous relic of ancient Mesopotamian literature that portrays their concept of leadership or heroism. They portray their king as a god-like creature who is strong and wise (Gilgamesh was 2/3 god and 1/3 human and also the Gods favored him). All the citizens obeyed Gilgamesh since his power was absolute. Also, part of king’s job was to mastermind irrigation- Gilgamesh kills the Bull of Heaven which was the personification of drought. 14. **Shang Dynasty and early Chinese state structure; diviners and oracle bones; religious function of kings (in lieu of shaman)** The Shang Dynasty dominated the yellow river valley for most of the second millennium B.C.E. The nature of the Shang Dynasty was inscribed on oracles bones, animal bones, and turtle shells used to foretell the future. Diviners, whose job was to detect the oracles' messages, heated them to their breaking point and read the Gods' answers to the questions along the lines of the cracks. The scribes would them transcribe the answers onto the fragments, so the bones tell the lives and duties of the kings. The king was a mediator with the gods, performing sacrifices, preparing for and conducting oracle readings, breaking the soil, praying for rain, and founding towns. The king would be a substitute for the shaman ans was described as having the wisdom of ghosts and spirits and restores contact with heaven after disordered times. The kings ended taking the job of diviners by taking over the divinations of bones and turtles shells so the king transferred the most important political functions of magic and religion to the state. The recordings ended up being a secular function and became most reliable than the shamans' supposed insights.

15. **Wu Ding** Wu Ding probably ruled around 1400 B.C.E. and was remembered 1000 years later as conquerer who ruled hos empire as easily as "rolling on his palm". He was also a glorious hunter. He also had 64 consorts one of which was buried in the richest known tomb of the period with her human servants, dogs, horses, hundreds of bronzes and jades, and thousands of cowrie shells. Wu Ding would talk to oracles often about her child beds and sickbeds, he gave her own domain, and she was also allowed to participate in politics meaning that she was important to him and he respected her.

16. **Harappan city planning --> connection to social structure?** Harappan cities had extensive communal quarters which must had to have something to do with the organization of manpower-- soldiers, slaves, or scholars. Harappan sites also have no rich graves and the absence of kingly quarters or regal furnishings means that Harappan societies were republic of theocracies.

17. **The** **Harappan society** was located between the Indus and Saraswati rivers, in modern-day Pakistan. The rising water table drowned and destroyed all evidence from that time, and scholars have yet to decipher the Harappan writing system. Because of this, historians can only discuss and imagine what the Harappan society was like. However, suriving Harappan art, such as engraved seals used for marking trade goods, depict natural representations of animals (in particular the bearded zebus, feasting tigers, and elegant bulls) as well as violations of realism, which depict joking elephants and rhinos. Harappan art also depicts magical transformations, most commonly an apelike figure defending a tree against a tiger, both with horns.

18. **Process of Unification in the Ancient River Valley Civilizations:** In **Egypt**, the Nile river helped unify the society as a whole because it was considered the highway throughout the land. Both culture and trade flowed freely from the coast to the cataracts. Politically, pharaohs used the river as transportation throughout the kingdom, as to inspect their great lands. The Nile River unified the Upper and Lower Egypt. Menes, a known hero in Egyptian culture, was said to have united the two kingdoms, upper and lower, and to have founded Memphis, his capital city. In **Mesopotamia**, competition was the driving force for unity. Rivaling cities would write propagandas and contradictions about each other. But war and competition between the city-states wouldn’t have united them for very long. **Sargon of Akkad**, in 2500 B.C.E., built his empire by sending his armies throughout all of Mesopotamia. He conquered and ruled most of Mesopotamia for a couple centuries, until his successors were inevitably overthrown. In **China**, kings traveled up and down the Yellow River and controlled not only the Yellow River but most of the Yangtze River valley as well. As a result, a unique state was formed, with environments that could cultivate millet (Yellow River) and also rice (Yangtze River). This allowed China to protect itself against disaster in either environment. The use of the phrase, **Mandate of Heaven**, came about between the time of the Shang dynasty and its successor, the Zhou dynasty. The mandate of heaven basically gave Chinese rulers a sort of divine credit, stating that emperors were chosen by the gods and in their favor, so long as they acted righteously and just to their people. If they violated the mandate, the emperors could be overthrown. The concept of the mandate of heaven diffused to other neighboring people, particularly in the Eurasian steppes, and lead to imperialism in that Eurasia. 19. **Cuniforms** are wedge shapes of writing devised by the Mesopotamians; easily incised or cut in clay tablets to keep records. They are significant because they show us how early civilizations developed writing and organization, also when translated show us their use.
 * Lolograms** are stylized pictures that provoked mental associations with ideas they were intended to represent or with the sounds of their spoken names; ex. hieroglyphs of early Egyptian texts; symbols carved on Chinese oracle bones. Similar significance as cuniforms.

//__Critical Question Breakdowns__// 2. What challenges face historians and other scholars in attempting to study and characterize early human settlements? 3. How did horizontally organized societies operate differently from vertically organized societies? Which of these types existed most frequently among ancient river valley civilizations (ARVCs) and why did this tend to be the case?
 * __Critical questions:__**
 * 1) How did the development of agriculture intensify cultural differences? What examples are some of the most illustrative of this dynamic?
 * define agriculture, culture and cultural differences
 * research development of a culture
 * research humankinds perception of its relationship w/environment
 * relate the development of a civilization to how humankind relates with the environment and their culture(s)
 * report the response
 * Research past interpretations of differing societies and settlements
 * Keep in mind primary, secondary, and tertiary source validation.
 * Research unstable societies in history and why they were unstable so as to get an idea on how to characterize that settlement
 * Write your response, depending on your views, of how all of these contribute to the study and characterization of early human settlements
 * Research the difference between horizontally and vertically organized societies
 * Make connections between one experience and how they view others.
 * Synthesize response.

Research the concept of civilization Research the traditional way historians employ the concept of civilization and its importance Read and note what approach Armesto takes when addressing civilization and analyze his attitude towards the concept of civilization Connect these ideas and explain how his attitude affects the way Armesto focuses on the traditional ways historians employ this concept Reseach early civilization Research patterns among early civilization Research connections in early civilization Group the common patterns and the common connections together Create a response using the information you have found Research the ARVCs and its geography Research patterns among the ARVCs Research connections among the ARVCs Group the common patterns and connections together and explain which ones are evident Research the different societal, political, and economic dynamics in the ARVCs and note their similarities Relate geography’s affect towards the different societal, political, and economic dynamics in the ARVCs Synthesize your response Research original gender roles in ARVC cities Research the surplus in ARVC cities and it’s affect on gender roles Research job specialization in ARVC cities and its developments Interpret in what way surplus and job specialization affects gender roles. Consider the different jobs that people had and who worked certain jobs. Synthesize your response -Review the different types of religions. -See which religions are present with which political structures. -From the above state how political structures influence religious beliefs. -Look up examples of the dynamic relationship between the factors.-Synthesize response. -Study the environment and politics of ARVCs. -Review ARVC expansion techniques. -Make a chart of similarities and differences exist in the processes that they undertook in the growth processes. -Make a ven-diagram about the role of geography in unification and political trajectories of ARVCs.-Form a response. -Review the typical definition of civilization. -Review Armesto’s definition of civilization -Compare the two definitions. -Study the writings of the main ARVCs. -Analyze how the writings might have formed historians interpretations and evaluation of the ARVC.-Form a response. Review the typical definition of civilization. -Review Armesto’s definition of civilization -Compare the two definitions. -Define the traditional interpretation of writings role in ARVCs. -Make a list of evidence that Armesto uses to challenge the traditional assumptions.-Synthesize a response.
 * 4. Why does Armesto choose to focus on how historians have traditionally employed the concept of “civilization”? How does his attitude about this concept shape the way in which he addresses this period of human history?**
 * 5. What common patterns and connections are evident among early civilization?**
 * 6. What common patterns and connections are evident among the ARVCs? How does geography shape societal, political, and/or economic dynamics in similar ways in all of these ARVCs?**
 * 7. How did surplus and the development of job specialization change gender roles in ARVC cities?**
 * 8.) How did political structures influence religious beliefs? What specific examples help illustrate the dynamic relationship between these factors?**-Review the different types of political structures.
 * 9.) How did ARVCs expand and acquire more territory and political influence? What similarities and differences exist in the processes that these civilizations undertook in their growth processes? Compare and Contrast the role played by geography in the unification and political trajectories of the four ARVCs.**
 * 10.) What role has the existence of writing played in historians’ traditional interpretation and evaluation of the ARVC?**
 * 11.) Why does Armesto challenge this traditional interpretation of writing’s role in ARVCs? What evidence does he draw on to challenge these traditional assumptions?**-

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