Chs.14-15

__IDs from Readings__: Armesto pp. 448-454
 * Black Death**: The Black Death is thought to be made up of multiple diseases, including the bubonic plague, typhus, and influenza. It could have spread across Europe through rats on boats. The fleas on the rats spread to humans. Symptoms of the Black Plague were jitters, vomiting, dizziness, pain, inability to tolerate light, and swellings. The plague spread across Western Europe and China. Francesca Roberts

Armesto pp. 454-461
 * Anti-Semitism**: prejudice or hatred against Jews. During the Black Death, Jews were scapegoated and blamed for poisoning the air and wells. Anti-Semitism has been traced to the influence of Christianity, but was also present in Greece. Francesca Roberts


 * "Free Peasantries" -** peasant tenants pay rent and manage their own landholding to their best advantage instead of taking orders from the lord's agent of baliff; demonstrates the marked movement away from feudalism //(Shree Bose)//


 * Millenarianism**: in an imminent, divinely contrived relaunch of history, G-d would empower the poor. Revolutionary millenarianism occurred in Western Europe. This and the plague led to better living standards for the peasantry. Due to strikes and so many deaths, workers were no longer forced to stay in certain towns and were able to rent farmland. Francesca Roberts


 * Social Effects of the Plague-** The Black Death affected numerous social aspects of life. It drastically decreased the amount of people alive, killing about one third of the European population in the late 1340's. A social class conflict emerged among the survivors because the upper class had to pay more for labor, so they were losing money, while the lower class made more money for their labor. The social class conflict was also due to the "free" peasantries, which was when tenants could pay rent and could manage their landholdings to their best advantage. Another social effect was since some Christians the Plague was God's wrath on the people, self-flagellation occured and Flagellants whipped themselves to wipe out sin. -CallieS


 * Moral Effects of the Plague-** As the plague was killing a significant part of population, people's attitudes toward life changed. al-Sallah al Safadi, a poet in Cairo, discussed these psychological effects, saying that it dispelled people's sense of security and conviced even the mighty of their mortality. Some people began viewing life much more negatively because of all the death's happening each day, and some even wanted to die.-CallieS


 * Medical Remedies**: Few doctors during the plague had a helpful remedy and practices varied widely. In Cairo, Amenian clay was rubbed on swelling bodies, while in Spain, Ibn Khativ advised people to stay away from certain foods such as grains, cheese, mushrooms, and garlic. Gento of Foligno suggested eating dried snake's flesh of atleast one year of age. Turks took the simple solution of slicing off the heads of boils. However the most succesful medical remedy was to simply quarintine the sick and avoid contact with people. Stephen Levy


 * Economic Effects of the Plague**- The Plague caused a major economic decline. Production and demand declined drastically while the cost of labor and prices of goods both increased. However, the lower class who survived the plague found themselves in a fortunate economic situation. Because of the population decrease, there were much less workers, so they could demand more money for their labor. This situation had the opposite effect on landlords and merchants because they had to pay more for the labor. In addition, widows prospered during the economic decline because they gained money, land, and power when they became widowed.-CallieS.


 * The plague's effect on women**: Surviving women surely were one of the groups that were benificiaries of the plague. Even though the plague did not discriminate and killed all groups of people, men were hit harder than women. These newly widowed women had brand new property to their name and economic wealth. These women now had equal oppertunity as men and prospered not only economically, but socially, politically, and religiously. Stephen Levy


 * Social Mobility -** ranks of aristocracies become subject to rapid turnover as the families die out and are then filled faster than ever with the peasant classes moving up //(Shree Bose)//

Armesto pp. 475-478: -Norse seafarers previous herotics, dwindled -In 1354, an earthquake demolished the walls of the Byzantine city of Gallipolli. -There was gradual diffusion of Catholic faith under Polish influence -The Black Death spanned from the riegns of Charles the Great of Bohemia (1333-1378) Casimir the Great of Poland(1333-1370) and Louis the Great of Hungary. -The last il-khan died in the year 1343. Ecological Imperialism - sweeping environmental changes European imperialist introduced in regions they colonized //(Shree)// ** -15th century--> world's fastest growing empire -they wrote records that are now undecipherable -occupied Cuzco --Chavin de Huantar-an archeological site containing ruins/artifacts originally cast and constructed by Chavin ~900 BCE - to maintain the state, they aquired new territories, leading to hectic and unsustanable expansion __**The Aztec Empire of Mesoamerica**__ -expansion mainly took place in the late 15th-early 16th century by phenomenon -LUXURIES: hundreds of thousands of cotton garments and quilted cotton suits of armor -relied on fragile alliances -bore the resentment of tributary peoples -expanded so rapidly that their reach always threatened to out run available man power and technology. Jenna Lee Armesto pp. 489-494
 * Latin Christian Consequences:** the picture became bleak
 * Norse as Skraelinger**-mysterious raiders of savage ferosity. explorations ceased.
 * Juame Ferrer-** his ship wrech was symbolic because few similar voyages were recorded in the second half of the 14th century.
 * Alfred Crosby**-coined the term //ecological imperialism// in 1972 and referred it to the sweeping environmental changes European imperialists introduces in to thier regions.
 * __The Inca Empire of Peru__
 * The Checa-** a people of importance to the Inca system of control because thier homeland straddled the route from Cuzco to the coast.
 * -** Tenochititian- the valley of Mexico which stood in the middle of a lake
 * Mongol/Northern Russian Consequences-** Northern Russia did not suffer from the plague like much of Europe. This is surprising as the Mongol presence should have made the area especially susceptible. Not hampered by illness the principates were able to eliminate Mongol rule in the area with the last khan dying in 1343. The mongol absence allowed the Ottoman empire to rise. Phillip Diffley
 * Japanese Consequences-** Like Northern Russia, Japan was not afflicted by the plague. Japan had isolated themselves from the outside world during the time that the plague was being spread. This prevented any outside trade ships which would carry infected rats and fleas from invading the area. Despite lack of plague, Japan still had internal struggles. Their Imperial family divided into different factions causing a new dynasty to arise. Phillip Diffley


 * Ecological imperialism-** This term was first said by Alfred Cosby in 1972. It was first used to refer to the environmental changes European imperialists introduces in regions they colonized. Ecological imperialism also applies to the Native American empires because in the mountainous regions like the Andes, the key to success in large-scale state-building is combining diverse regions and using the complementary products of contrasting ecosystems to their advantage. -CallieS


 * The Inca empire** encompassed coastal lowlands and parts of the Amazonian rain forest. It was long and thin, with the Andes running up the middle, creating valleys and microclimates. The Inca gathered different environments into one state to facilitate exchanging and stockpiling a wide range of products. However, the Inca's expansion was unstable and their method of subjugation was unstable. Francesca Roberts


 * Tenochtitlan**: Tenochtitlan was the capital of the Aztec empire. It stood in the middle of a lake but could not grow much of the staples needed to support a major population. This led the Aztec to conquer other Mesoamerican civilizations. Francesca Roberts

David Stannard excerpt from __American Holocaust__


 * Incan Living Conditions-** The Incans lived in relatively clean conditions. The cities were kept clean by a force of public workers, floating gardens, fresh water from mountain springs, and soap. Their cities also had extravagant markets with fresh food available providing a healthy diet. These luxuries amazed the European explorers who visited South America. Phillip Diffley


 * European Living Conditions-** Compared to the Incans European living conditions were abysmal and unsanitary. Roadside ditches acted as latrines, people rarely if ever bathed, and the poor were buried in massive pits that would not be covered with earth until they were completely filled. In addition to this crime was rampant. Phillip Diffley

Armesto pp. 513-518
 * The Renaissance**: The Renaissance is a trasitional period of time between the "middle ages" and the early modern period. During the Renaissance, people of Western Europe showed signs of self-pride and optimism while scholars and artists pursued recovering the ancient accomplshments of Rome and Greece. The key values of Humanism, Idealism(in art), Realism(in art), secularism, individualism, classicism, and Christianity were all prevalent in this period of time. Stephen Levy


 * Chivalrous hero--->motives to explore**: During the Renaissance, the ideal chivalrous hero took to sea, married a princess and became a ruler. These men would typically be just normal people trying to embody these fictional identities. They would give themselves fictional "storybook" names. These explorers would look for places that they could take over easily and grow wealthy on. For example when Columbus landed on what he called "San Salvador" he noted that the people of the Island were vulnerable and knew no war. These explorers, backed by the desire for new oppertunities, colonized many lands. Stephen Levy


 * Humanism** was one of the key values of the Renaissance and had profound effects on European society. Humanists studied a secular curriculum, which was taken from mainly classical texts. It gradually became Europe's most prestigious form of learning. Humanism caused some consequences for Christianity and its culture. Humanists criticized the language of the Bible and the historical traditions of the church, and new classical architecture was being used in churches. In addition, humanism stimulated European interest in the world. -CallieS


 * Classicism -** fashions in learning, art, and letters informed by the inspiration of classical Greece and Rome; was a key value of the Renaissance and inspired artists in both idealistic and realistic art while harkening back to the great empires before //(Shree)//


 * De Medici Family**: This banking family, from Florence, were patrons of art in the classical tradition. The family was temporarily overthrown in 1494 after its banking empire collapsed. Francesca Roberts


 * Girolamo Savonarola**- was a fiery preacher who stood against the mixing of Christian and Greco-Roman ideals. He was taken into Florence by the Medicis but turned against them preaching against their rule. When the Medici rule was weakened he was the leading force in having them exiled. Phillip Diffley


 * Florence-** was a city controlled by the Medicis that exibited the Renaissance humanistic values. It was a home to artists like Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, and Botticelli. Phillip Diffley

Armesto pp. 621-625
 * Patronage of the arts--->secularism:** During the Renaissance, artists shifted away from just religious subjects. This was mostly because of the patron artist relationship. People would patronize artists meaning that they would pay artists to paint what the patron wanted. The artists had no choice but to do what their patron said, for they supported them economically. Thus less paintings were religious and theme and more secular, or worldly. The Church's dominance in the art market weakened during the Renaissance. Stephen Levy


 * Michelangelo -** created a series of sculptures which showed "captives" emerging in human shape from the coarse particularity of rocks; embodied the notion that matter hides reality - which is spiritual - from our senses and that we need genius or grace to see it //(Shree)//


 * Lucayos** - "naked people" who were first glimpsed by Christopher Columbus on October 12, 1492 on an island called San Salvador, aka the Watling Island in the Bahamas; little is known about the natives but archeological evidence supports Columbus's account of their material culture. Their nakedness showed their ideal dependence on God but also suggested savagery and similarity to beast. (//Shree Bose)//


 * Explorers during Renaissance-** Many important discoveries were made by explorers during this time period that transformed the way Europeans pictured the world. The confirmed the vastness of the globe, and they discovered the existence of a New World in the Western Hemisphere. These discoveries challenged European notions of what it means to be human because as they discovered new places, the encountered diverse people and a wide range of differing cultures and civilizations.Christopher Columbus is a prime example of the unexpected encounters because in October 1492 he landed on the island he called "San Salvador" and saw people much different from what he was used to, and he had conflicting perceptions of them. -CallieS