FR_and_Indust

ID Terms for FR and Industrialization Test - Please complete a //maximum// of six ID terms for which you can receive up to three points of extra credit on the next test. Be sure that your IDs are thorough and explain WHAT the term is and WHY it is significant. If you can also include page references or hyperlinks, that'd be additionally helpful.

Remember to put your initials after the terms that you add.


 * __French Revolution__**


 * Social system of France (old regime**)- Social system of France was composed of three different groups of people. First estate consisted of clergy (about 1% of population), second estate consisted of nobles (2-5%) and third estate were rest of people which included, merchants, artisans and peasants. 3rd estate members were generally poor, except the bourgeoisies which is the middle class, and lacked political power. Only third estate members had to pay taxes (taille). Interestingly, not all the members of other classes were wealthy. For example, first estate was a heterogeneous body, meaning some people were rich and some were poor. YS


 * National Assembly**- Third estate members, discontent with the voting system within the Estates General, wanted it to meet as unified body. However, parlement ruled in favor of the nobles which angered the third estate. It declared to be a National Assembly in June 17th, 1789, and decided to form a new constitution. YS


 * Civil Constitution of Clergy** - 1790, made priests public servants and nationalized church property; rejected by both the pope and the king, lead to further revolutionary radicalism. JY


 * Constitution of 1791-** National Assembly established the system of constitutional monarchy. Constitutional monarchs act as heads of the states, but their power are checked by another body. This angered the conservatives who wanted to continue the absolute monarchy and the radicals who wanted to get rid of monarchy. Prussia and Austria attacks France to restore monarchy. French revolutionists manage to defend their country but radicals take over the government. YS


 * Constitution of 1793**- With support of Jacobins, National Convention comes up with new constitution that ensures the rights of everyone.It abolished monarchy and made France a republic. This constitution proclaimed the superiority of popular sovereignty over national sovereignty. Jacobins beheaded Louis XVI. YS


 * Reign of Terror** (1793-4)- Lead by a Jacobin Maximilien Robespierre, Committee of Public Safety enforced revolution and murdered every anti-revolutionists. This committee helped to build a strong national military and succeeded to control anarchy, however, people behead the Maximilien, tired of his cruelty, two years afterwards. YS


 * Constitution of 1795**- Ratified by National Convention, constitution of 1795 established the system of the Directory. French Directory held executive power in France. This system was continued until Napoleon Bonaparte overthrows it and becomes the First Consul. YS

Maximilien Robespierre: Robespierre was the leader of the Reign of Terror. A Jacobin, he, along with the Committee of Public Safety, executed thousands of French men. He believed that the Reign of Terror was inevitable and necessary. Ironically, the Committee of Public Safety executed him. This was because the Committee recently passed a law that allowed them to arrest and execute people only under suspicion by the Committee. FR

Jacobins: Jacobins believed in getting rid of social class distinctions. Also, they felt that government should provide welfare for the poor and that voting should be universal. When the Jacobins rose to power during the French Revolution, they called for a National Convention, and this Convention replace the Constitution of 1791 with a new one that did not mention a monarch. The Jacobins created the Committee of Public Safety, that arrested and killed thousands of Frenchmen who were under the suspicion that they were not loyal to the new regime. The Jacobins militarized the government and ruled through fear. FR

Louis XVI: He ruled as the king of France from 1774 to 1791. He was arrested on August 10, 1792, and he was tried with treason by the National Convention, found guilty, and was executed by the guillotine on January 21, 1793. He was an absolute monarch who raised the debt of France. He summoned the Estates-General in 1789 after 164 years in order to try and pass monetary reforms. One of the reasons of the large debt was because of Louis' support of the American Revolution, and although they supported the Americans, the French received little from the Treaty of Paris. Another reason was the Seven Years War. The King supported the Ancien Regime by allowing the clergy and nobles to pay little, if any taxes. FR

Estates-General: In 1789, after 164 years of not meeting, Louis XVI called the Estates-General together. The Estates-General was made up of three Estates: the Catholic clergy, the nobles, and the commoners (every one else). This third estate was the largest, made up from poor farmers to wealthy lawyers and merchants. Unlike with its British counterpart, the Estates General did not have the power to royal legislation or taxation. The first two Estates, the clergy and the nobles, had the least amount of people but held much land. The Third Estate represented about 23 million people and had to pay taxes, unlike the clergy and nobles. In 1789, this Third Estate left for a nearby indoor tennis court for the Tennis Court Oath, in which this Estate wrote out a new constitution. This led to the creation of the National Assembly. FR

Marquis de Sade: (1740-1814) called himself Citizen Sade after he was liberated from Bastille from which his family asked the government to confine him. He had a record of misbehavior unsurrpassed by the annals of the 18th century sexual atheletes, he gave this activity the name of Sadism. Sadism sexual gratification gained through causing pain or degradation to others. (torturing, imprisoning, and poisoning prostitutes, ejaculating over a crucifix, etc.) JL

Code Napoleon: still Napoleon's most impressive legacy and forms the basis of the civil and often criminal laws of much of Europe, Latin America, and sub-Saharan Africa. He subordinated the church and the state. He decreed the aboltition of ancient monarchies and republics, summoned new states in to being, changed boundries of old ones, and imposed constitutional government where it had never existed. JL

====**Bastille**- The Bastille was a prison/fortress that held the king's prisoners. The Bastille is significant because it is known to have marked the beginning of the French Revolution because of "The Storming of the Bastille". Jennifer Truong==== ====**Napoleon Bonaparte-** Napoleon Bonaparte military and political leader of France and also became known as the emperor of France as Napoleon I. He rose to prominence through his successful military campaigns, but later began to fail in some of his campaigns and was forced to abdicate. He later escaped his place of exile regained power, but was later defeated again and was sent to confinement were he later died. He is known today for his militaristic strategies and his actions during his rule like the enforcement of the Napoleonic Code. Jennifer Truong====


 * Directory -** The Directory was a group of 5 men who basically took on the responsibilities of the Committee of Public Safety after the Reign of Terror. They were more moderate and, therefore, led to the violence to slow. They were created in 1795 and lasted until 1799 when Napolean Bonaparte took over and the Revolution was ended. They were the last governing body of France before Napolean and the last governing body during the French Revolution. Robespierre was a major voice of the Directory. SB


 * Committee of Public Safety -** The Committee of Public Safety was instated in 1793 when France launched a preemptive attack upon Prussia and was, in turn, attacked by Austria. They were the major governing body during the Reign of Terror and were responsible for the "trials" and executions of thousands during the period. SB


 * Marie Antoinette -** Marie Antoinette was the last French queen, the wife of King Louis XVI. She was actually a duchess from Prussia who was married to Louis XVI at the age of 14 in a political marriage to unite the Austrian (Hapsburg) and French (Bourbon) royal families. She came to symbolize the lavish and uncaring extravagance of the elite while the poor working classes were starving outside the gates of Versailles. She was later beheaded by guillotine after she was found guilty of treason (passing along information to familial allies in Prussia). SB


 * Declaration of Pillnitz -** This was a statement issued by the kings of Prussia and Austria threatening to intervene to protect the French monarchy. This did not work considering that the French launched a preeemptive strike against first Austria and then Prussia. This statement came to be seen as invitation to other nations in Europe to join in attacking the French revolution. SB


 * Tennis Court Oath -** During the Estates-General called together by Louis XVI, the First and Second Estates held most of the power despite consisting of only the clergy and the nobility which made up only 3% of the population. The Third Estate, being the common people who made up 97% of the population of France, was, relatively not able to represent themselves considering they could be outvoted by 2-1. On June 20, 1789, the Third Estate came to meet at the Estates-General and found the doors locked, perhaps because of their previous creation of the National Assembly which "represented the people of France" and was not a popular idea among the nobility and the clergy in the first two Estates. They construed this locking out as the king was forbidding them to meet, and so they moved to a nearby tennis court and made an oath that they would stay together until they had created a new constitution. They wanted to rationally reform the government, following in the ideology of the Enlightenment Era. SB

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 * Bourgeoisie** - The bourgeoisie were the French middle and upper classes in the Third Estate who wanted an end to the concept of the other estates having all the power and privileges. The bourgeoisie represented the moderate voices during the French Revolution and were represented by delegates in both the Estates-General and the National Assembly. SB=====

__Causes of the French Revolution__ KRG Burden of Debt- due to the cost of wars, like the American Revolution, the government tried to bridge the gap between income and expenses, borrowing more and more money. By 1789, half its tax income went just to pay interest on this huge debt, leading to taxing the third estate even more. Poor Harvests- bad harvest increased food prices and made peasants and city dwellers hungrier, which inflamed these people, leading to riots Failure to Reform- Because of Louis XIV and XV's failed attempts and incapability to solve the economic crises themselves, Louis XV hired Jacques Necker, a financial wizard, as an adviser. He urged the king to reduce extravagant court spending, reform government, and abolish burdensome tariffs on internal trade. But when he proposed taxing in every estate, he was ordered to be dismissed by the clergy and nobles. The pressure for reform eventually led to the calling of the Estates General

Cahiers: notebooks prepared by all three estates listing their grievances, as ordered by Louis. many cahiers called for reforms like fairer taxes, freedom of the press, or regular meetings of the Estates General. These notebooks finally let the third estate have more of a voice, and even testified to boiling class resentments. KRG

Declaration of the Rights of Man/Citizen: The declaration was modeled on the American Declaration of Independence, and stated that all men were "born and remain free and equal in rights" and they enjoyed natural rights to "liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression." Like the writings of Locke and Rousseau and other Enlightenment ideas, the declaration insisted that gov't exists to protect the natural rights of citizens, and further proclaimed that all male citizens were equal before the law. The Declaration was also a first step towards writing a constitution, and its principles were captured in the enduring slogan of the French Revolution, "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity." KRG

Sans-culottes- meaning without breeches, they were know as working-class men and women in Paris and other cities who pusehd the revolution into more radical action in the early 1790s. By 1791, they demanded a republic, and found support among radicals in the Legislative Assembly, especially the Jacobins. KRG


 * Maximilien Robespierre-** Maximilien Robespierre who lived from 1758 till 1794 was the creator of the Committee of Public Safety and leader of the Jacobins. The Committee of Public Safety's main job was to find out who was for the monarchy and against the revolution. The people opposing the revolution soon were executed by Robespierre's group. In the height of the "reign of terror" Robespierre was executed by his own committee in 1794. SL

__**Industrialization**__

====**Effects of Population Boom-** The population boom marked the start of industrialization. The population boom was able to survive because the world was able stay relatively healthy and there was an increase in food production. The population boom led to things like an increase of food production, discovery of new ways to produce energy, and an increase in infrastructure around the world. Jennifer Truong====

====**Malthusian Logic**- Malthusian logic linked demographic increase to ecological disaster. According to Malthus, population naturally increased faster than food resources. This way of logic, however, has ofter been proven because of two reasons: practiced forms of population control ad new ways to produce food outstripped population growth. Jennifer Truong====


 * Homestead Act-** After Anthony Trollope's visit to the United States, the Homestead act, created in 1861, made land in the West available to anyone who wanted it at nominal prices. In practice, the land was available almost exclusively to white people. After the act was created, 500 million acres were added to the US's farmland in the remainder of the century, which increased the amount of land for food production. KRG


 * Luther Burbank (1849-1926)-** Luther was the most extraordinary figure in the field of scientific agronomy, which more and more capital was reinvested in research in. He started a market-gardening business in California in 1875, and he experimented obsessively, producing 1,000 new species. Even though his methods were notoriously wasteful because he would destroy hundreds of plants before he found one that suited his purposes, his enormous commercial success encouraged the spread of scientific techniques to improve strains and develop new plants for newly exploited environments. KRG

Mehmet Ali: Ali was the founder of a dynasty that ruled Egypt until 1953. Ali helped industrialize Egypt through the help of the French and the British. However, he made industry a state monopoly and suppressed private competitors. Under his rule, the British forced Egypt to abandon tariffs after Mehmet Ali attempted to overthrow the Ottoman Empire. This led to the downfall of Egyptian industries, such as Egyptian cotton. Egypt, like China, became an exporter of cash crops and raw materials once its industries collapsed. FR

Industrialization in the Netherlands: The Netherlands remained agricultural. It's industries focused on food processing, especially to make candy, using cane sugar from Dutch colonies in the Caribbean. The Netherlands became the largest manufacturer of margarine, and Dutch milk processing firms supplied the British with condensed milk. Dutch iron and steel production only began to grow in the 1890s. FR


 * Industrialization in North America-** Canada didn't really take part in the industrialization movement. They became more of an agricultural country, and less than half of their population worked in manufacturing. The United States was a producer of raw materials, and their citizens had higher incomes, so there was more money for investment. In the 19th century, the US had a relatively low population, so they used machinery to make up for the lack of workers, and there were high tariffs in place on foreign imports to encourage native industry. -CalS


 * Industrialization in Japan-** Japan mainly focused on their army and navy. They also profited by exporting buttons, cotton yarn and textiles, and traditional Japanese products like raw silk and tea. They exploited women for labor to reduce labor costs, and the government played an active role in the industrialization by financing industry establishment and collaborating with industrialists to help prioritize war rather than domestic needs. The Japanese cared more about long term successes than short term profits, and they regulated consumption for moral reasons, not because of supply and demand. In addition, Japanese firms had strong corporate identities. -CalS

Industrialization: major changes in manufacturing, agriculture, transport, population growth, and mining had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions. It also aided the process of countries becoming more accepting of new technologies from other countries, developing their own. JL


 * Social Effects of Industrialization-**A social effect was factory owners exploiting at first men, then women and children for labor due to the owners' desire for wealth. Cities needed government commission in order to build factories and to also build facilities to provide for the city and the laborers. In addition, the increase in laborers caused overcrowding in cities which led to disease, and when women began to be exploited for labor (instead of domestic system) due to the deduced costs, the unemployed men began to consume more alchol which increased the rates of alcoholism. -CalS


 * Economic Effects of Industrialization**- There was a major gap of wealth emerging as the poor laborers lost money and the owners of factories gained profits. The wealthy factory owners also began to involve themselves in more philanthropy. Another economic effect was that because factories were producing much more goods, the price of goods decreased.-CalS


 * Environmental Effects of Industrialization**- With the increased use of new technologies and factories, the amount of pollution increased, making the air and water quality less clean. As the population increased in cities, a lot of land needed to be cleared out in order to make stores, houses, and other buildings, so a large amount of deforestation occurred in order to provide for the increasing population. Cities also were more compact and dense due to the increased population and large amount of buildings. -CalS

-CalS
 * Food Preservation Technologies-** Some useful inventions that are commonly used today that were invented in the 19th century are refrigeration and canning foods. The compressed gas cooler was an invention with significant results because food no longer had to be produced near where it would be consumed, instead food could be shipped in the coolers. Canning food was also a very important invention because it was useful for many types of food and it kept food in the supply chain for longer. It also made it possible to easily transport large amounts of food over long distances.


 * Water Frame-** This was the first engine that started the mass production of goods. Despite its usefulness it required direct contact with a river or other water source and thus could only be used in certain locations. -Phillip Diffley


 * Steam Engine-** The defining technology of the industrial revolution invented by James Watt. It would use coal to heat water into steam which then traveled to power pistons which could be used for many industrial processes including factories, trains, and boats. This helped revolutionize the era because factories could then be placed in nearly any location. -Phillip Diffley


 * Egyptian Industrialism Differences-** Unlike the western and Japanese industries the Egyptians had a state run monopoly which heaviliy suppressed private competition. They also took technology from other countries, especially the French, instead of developing their own methods. Their industry failed and they were forced to revert to selling cash crops. **-**Phillip Diffley


 * Indian Industrialism Differences-** The Indian industry was largely controlled by foreign powers and were exploited causing an imbalance of trade. Eventually their industry failed and they had to revert to agriculture unlike the west. -Phillip Diffley


 * Chinese Industrialism Similarities-** Like Japan, China was motivated to improve their industry by militaristic goals. They used many of the same technologies as the west. -Phillip Diffley


 * Chinese Industrialism Differences-** Unlike the west and Japan, China's industry had a net decrease in profit. Both the technology made domestically and that which was imported were outdated and caused an ultimate failure in their system. -Phillip Diffley


 * Motives for Industrialization-** In the West, Western Europe and America, the main reason for industrialization was the lack of large labor force. With small numbers of man power, business entrepreneurs needed a new way to exploit the small number of workers they had. They did this by using all the new inventions of the time effectively. Japan was pushed towards industrialization for different reasons. Japan had a desire to militarize their country and compete with the West. For the previous hundreds of years, Japan was stuck in an adverse balance of trade, they imported more then they sold abroad. The Western countries were exploiting the Japanese people. They decided to industrialize their country so they could get out of this adverse balance of trade and let their economy grow. SL


 * Density of Industrialization-** Both in the West and in Japan, their were pockets of industry with rural surrounding areas. These rural areas would provide the agricultural needs for these pockets of industry while the industrialized areas would supply the rural areas with textiles and other essential/luxury items. This relationship could be defined as symbiotic. SL


 * Role of Government in Industry**- The West preferred almost no government intervention in their industry. They were anti-government intervention because of their interest in short-term profit. If a company did not immediately pay dividends to its investors, then the company would soon lose all its investors. While in Japan, people embraced the public-private corporation. People were typically in the business of long-term capital. It did not matter if the company did not pay dividends starting off, the government could help back this company and help bolster it up until it paid off dividends. The Japanese were much more interested in long-term capital rewards and growth then the Westerners were. SL