Chapter+4


 * ​Outline**

 I. Hittite Kingdom

A. environment of surrounding area

1. patches of alluvium 2. warmer/dry climate with shrinking rivers 3. extreme seasonal weather B. Trade 1. New trading partners came about 2. Changes of river stranded old important cities and exposed others 3. Commerce was state monopoly 4. Dozens of foreign cities traded 5. Cities own objects reached Anatolia 6. Trade as more than an economic activity, social obligation 7. Trade spreads culture 8. Trade brings soft iron, in future is powerful metal

C. Hittite Society 1.Farmers + Herders brought together 2. independent mixed farming- no slaves or wage earners 3. Farmers made Hatti invincible 4. Farmer supports state, state protects farmers D. Political systems 1. King was thought to be of sun god 2.Bureaucratic court 3.“sexual taboos” 4. Women exercised power

E. Fall of the empire 1. Empire had to conquest 2. conquests and expansion became to overextended 3. Famine and disease 4. Nomadic invaders 5. Loss of one big battle

II. Cretan Civilization

A. Geography/environment 1. 3,200 square miles but 2/3 covered in mountains 2. Paradise of plenty 3. fields filled with foods and luxuries 4. seas full of food 5. harsh soil, dangerous waters 6. unpredictable agriculture

B. Cretan life 1. palaces as storehouses 2. skilled sailors 3. trade brought luxuries 4. great craftsmanship 5. huge places for living 6. common person lived near malnutrition

C. The fall of Cretan 1. Dangerous environment 2. war 3. volcanic reaction/ earthquakes 4. internal warfare/revolution

III. Mycenean civilization

A. Society 1. fortified cities with huge palaces + gold rich tombs 2. system of division of power by palace officials 3. Trade with Baltic nations 4. fearful of inner warfare/ with barbarians 5. redistribution philosophy for surviving

IV. General Crisis in middle east

A. Egypt 1. Were invaded by Sea Peoples 2. Hyksos 3. Structural problems in state

B. Harappan 1. Invaders?—> Rig Veda  IV. Harrapan Civilization Extinction Scholars debate over how the Harrapans collapsed.

A. The Rig Veda 1. Used as evidence for collapse 2. Talks of people who want an opulent world 3. Not sure if these are the same people who sacked Harrapan

B. Enviroment of stress 1. Events in the Indus valley fit with environmental disasters 2. Does not fully explain collapse of an empire 3. suffered same fate of Hittite

V. Conflict on the Yellow River Chinese suffered from different problems

A. Rise of Zhou 1. Earliest sites are burial sites 2. Little is known but material culture 3. According to evidence Zhou was motivated to conquest by oracles

B. Zhou Political System 1. Lasted from 1000-700s BCE 2. Little important information is known 3. Lost most Shang religious rites a. originated mandate of heaven ideology

VI. State-Building in the America

A. Andean 1. Civilization spreads to less hospitable areas 2. Settlements take place around the Cuspisnique 3. Most settlements were short lived 4. Chavin shows how people could prosper at middling altitudes

B. Development in Mesopotamia 1. Developed as a response to trade 2. Agriculture mounds become model for ceremonial platforms 3. How and why did intensive food production begin? 4. Looks as if a determined leader drove civilization forward

VII. Assessing the Damage By 1000 BCE many states had failed

A. Survival of Egypt 1. agriculture remained intact and invasions failed

VIII. Fatal Flaws

A. Paradox of increased population needing more unsustainable conquest which needed more population

B. Concentrated populations increased vulnerability to disease and famine

C. Traditions that failed reemerge elsewhere.

Time Chart 1100B.C.E P. 104 Minoan and Mycenaean cities abandoned.
 * Year (B. C. E.) || Major Events ||
 * 2500 || Harkhuf brings back treasures to Egypt from three expeditions to Central Africa, Egypt expands southward ||
 * 2000 || First palace-storehouses arise in Crete, Egypt begins to try to influence or control the Nubian state ||
 * 1800 || Hatti begins developing into an Empire, Colonists from Ashur found Kanes in Anatolia, Iron in use, some Harrapan cities are abandoned ||
 * 1500 || Hatti is around its peak as an empire, Thera is blown apart by a volcanic eruption, Hykos conquer Egypt, fortified cities appear on Peloponnese, fortified cities and gold-rich royal tombs of Mycenean civilization begin to appear, invaders who destroyed Harrapan civilization begin to appear in Punjab, settlement where rights of victory were celebrated exists in Cerro Sechin, Tut-mose I conquers kingdom of Kush and makes Nubia a colonial territory ||
 * 1500 ||  Mycenean civilization appeared; Cerro Sechin flourishes in Andes Peru; Hyksos invaded Egypt; When people who spoke Indo-European language had been living in what is now the Punjab;   ||
 * 1210 ||  Last record of Hatti  ||
 * 1200 ||  When earliest knwon ceremonial center was built(on a rise above river Coatzalcos); Sechin Alto(Peru)  ||
 * 1190 ||  Ramses III defeats Sea Peoples; Descent of Sea Peoples  ||
 * 1100 ||  Mynecean cities abandoned; beginning of Shang state decline; when earliest Zhou sites existed  ||
 * 1190 || Ramses II defeats Sea Peoples ||
 * 1180 || Peoples conquer Ugarit in Syria ||

1100B.C.E. p. 108 Shang state is disappearing. The names of subject, tribute-playing, and allied states gradually vanish from the oracle bones.

1100B.C.E. p. 109 Earliest Zhou sites appear; burials in the Liang mountains above the Wei River in western China.

1045B.C.E. p. 109 Zhou allegedly “captured” the Shang state in a single battle at Muye.

1045-700B.C.E. p. 111 Zhou state is supreme in China river valley.

1000B.C.E. p. 94 War, natural disaster, environmental overexploitation, and social and political disintegration had strained or shattered most of the big states and civilizations that had emerged from the transition to agriculture.

1000B.C.E. p. 109 An example of a written source in the Zhao state, a king’s nephew recorded how he had been made ruler of the colony of Xing. Made to point out that the writing of the Zhao were long winded in order to increase the family’s inherited virtue.

1000B.C.E. p. 113 City of Chavin de Huantar began to emerge over 3,300 feet up in the Andes, on the Mosna River.

1000B.C.E. p. 114 Olmec city of San Lorenzo in Mesoamerica had substantial reservoirs and drainage systems, integrated into a plan of causeways, plaza, platforms, and mounds. An example of progress in the Americas. La Venta also flourishes.

1000B.C.E. p. 116 Nubia, a region Egypt invested a lot of effort in conquering before their need for retrenchment, disappeared from Egyptian records.

1000B.C.E. p. 108 All Harappan cities in ruin.

800B.C.E. p. 108 Rig Veda written down, testimony to Harappa failing due to invaders.

700sB.C.E. p. 116 Numerous competing kingdoms succeeded Zhou in Ancient China.

500B.C.E. p. 118 City of Chavin declined and disappeared by the 500sB.C.E.

300B.C.E. p. 118 Olmec stopped building on a large scale.

 8. Andean Civilizations (P/S/E profiles) El Niño –> role in the civilizations’ stability? Chavín de Huantar –> cultural and artistic achievements? Politics – Armesto doesn’t talk much about the politics of the Andean civilizations, but he does mention that in Chavin de Huantar there were sculptures of humans that were half-transformed into different animals that suggested that they were ruled by shamans. He doesn’t mention anything about the other societies, but that they weren’t joined together as one civilization with multiple city-states; they were separate societies. Social - These civilizations had a strong bond with their religion. Armesto talks about a mosaic that the people of Pampa de Cana Cruz made that was embedded in the earth, but that it was so big that humans would not be able to admire it, only the gods would be able to appreciate it, which suggests that they might have built it for them. Also, if Chavin de Huantar was ruled by shamans, then they obviously thought that religion was important because shamans are the “middle man” between the gods and the people and delivered the gods’ messages to the people. They also traded amongst themselves which caused them to be friendly with each other. Economic – Trade helped these societies, but they didn’t last long anyways. El Nino, the periodic reversal of the normal flow of the Pacific currents, caused instability in the civilization. Though it didn’t occur but once or twice every 10 years, when it did occur it devastated the region by raining heavily on the land and killing most of the ocean fish that they used as food. Chavin de Huantar achieved prosperity and magnificence at middling altitudes by having command of the trade routes, having a diverse food supply within their multiple “microclimates”, and were able to use gold-working technologies for trade, acting like a distribution center by being in the middle of all other trades. The Chavin had outstanding architecture, water management, engineering, metalwork, and ceramics, which showed in their ceremonial structures, storehouses, and barrack dwellings. This society was probably ruled by shamans. //Olmec Civilization – sources of growth and expansion// //Later people of Mesoamerica followed several of the Olmec examples:// > 10. Nubia –> relationship and connection to Egypt? Nubia was a region upriver of the cataracts in southern Egypt, but it disappeared around 1000 B.C.E. Egypt became interested in the territory because of its resources that included abundant ivory, mercenaries, and river trade that gave Egypt a lot of gold. Around 2000 B.C.E. Egypt tried to influence or control Nubia by invasion, fortifications, or even pushing their frontiers down past the 3rd cataract. In 1500 B.C.E. Pharoah Tut-mose conquered the territory past the 4th territory which made Nubia a colonial state. Egypt eventually abandoned Nubia in the second millennium B.C.E. because of a lack of flooding which was the basis for their agriculture. 4. Egyptian Civilization in second millennium BCE (2000-1000 BCE) Hyksos Sea Peoples Ramses III 5. Harappan Civilization (P/S/E profile and sources of decline) Possible sources of decline (Note: There is hardly any info on the Harappan civilization itself. The text focuses on its fall.) Political Social Economic Rig Veda **Question 1:** How does the Hittite Kingdom fit into the Conrad-Demarest model? Does it meet the criteria of an “Empire” according to Conrad and Demarest? **Question 2:** How do Minoan (Cretan) and Mycenaean Civilizations differ from the way in which they have been portrayed traditionally in Western Civilizations (Europe and the United States)? **Question 3:** How does Armesto revise the prior understanding and interpretation about the sources of instability throughout the Mediterranean during the second millennium BCE? 4. How does Armesto’s emphasis on the central role of climatic changes reshape our understanding of the causes of decline amongst these second millennium civilizations? 5. How has the Zhou concept of the “Mandate of Heaven” shaped Chinese self-identity and the standard Western interpretation of Chinese culture? 6. How do the American civilizations (Andean and Mesoamerican) compare against the Old World civilizations in terms of their culture, economic bases, and instability during the second millennium BCE?
 * ID Terms**
 * 9. __Mesoamerican Civilizations (P/S/E Profile)__**
 * Political
 * Determined, visionary leadership energized by shamanism
 * Rites of rulership involving bloodletting and human sacrifice –> kings and priests
 * Monument building requires ample food supplies –> manpower and spare energy — were organized somehow
 * Social
 * Mound Building – agricultural mounds
 * Balance and symmetry in art and architecture
 * Ambitious urban planning around angular temple and plazas
 * Economic
 * Agriculture based on maize, beans, and squash
 * Such high-yielding maize that it provided for all necessary
 * 1) //mound building//
 * 2) //balance and symmetry in art//
 * 3) //urban planning around angular temples and plazas//
 * 4) //monumental art commemorating elites//
 * 5) //shamanism with bloody rites of sacrifice//
 * 6) //agriculture based on maize, beans, and squash//
 * From Libyan desert
 * Invaded Egypt in 1500 BCE
 * Later adopted Egyptian culture and customs before being expelled
 * exterminated numerous states/cities in Egypt
 * need for land/food drove them to invade and conquer
 * defeated by Ramses III in 1190 BCE
 * Defeated Sea Peoples
 * Invaded/conquered many lands including Hatti and a number of cities in southern Anatolia and te eastern Mediterranean
 * sudden, violent invasion
 * gradual ecological disaster-drying climate, etc.
 * food shortage
 * power networks broke down and allowed for invasion
 * plague
 * people migrated away
 * “network of power”
 * farmed
 * relied on agriculture for food-grew food with the help of the Indus River
 * cattle
 * wheat and barley
 * written around 800 BCE after being passed down orally for centuries
 * collection of hymns and poems
 * evidence that invaders destroyed Harappan civilization
 * invaders “wanted a world of fat and opulence”
 * invaders-strong horses and chariots
 * invaders’ favorite god was Indra, the “breaker of cities”
 * Read and understand the question
 * Research/read/know about the Conrad-Demarest model
 * Research about the Hittite Kingdom
 * Compare the Hittite Kingdom to the Conrad-Demarest model, see if it fits the requirements
 * Synthesize response
 * Read and understand the question
 * Research/read/know about the Minoan (Cretan) and Mycenaean Civilizations
 * Compare what you just read about to prior knowledge and what you’ve been taught in the past
 * Possibly research their traditional portrayals in Western Civilizations
 * Synthesize response
 * Read and understand the question
 * Research/read/know about the sources of instability throughout the Mediterranean during the second millennium BCE
 * Understand Armesto’s revisions to the interpretation of this and how it is significant
 * Synthesize response
 * Define civilization and the conditions to become a civilizations.
 * Look up second millenium civilizations.
 * Research the climatic changes of the second millenium civilizations.
 * Observe Armesto’s emphasis on climatic changes of second millenium civilizations.
 * Think about how his emphasis affects you.
 * Write a response based on the information you’ve found and your thoughts.
 * Define “Mandate of Heaven”.
 * Research the Zhou’s interpretation of “Mandate of Heaven”.
 * Research Chinese self- identity.
 * Research Western interpretation of Chinese culture.
 * Create a response with the information found.
 * Research Andean and Mesoamerican civilizations and their culture, economic bases, and instability during the second millennium BCE.
 * Research Old World civilizations and their culture, economic bases, and instability during the second millennium BCE.
 * Compare and contrast American civilizations to Old World civilizations with the information found.
 * Write a response.