Ch.16


 * Imperialism:** Domination by one country of another country in political, cultural and economical aspects. Imperialism took place over general expansions. __YS__


 * Colonialism:** the system of policy by which nation maintains or advocates such control. Colonialism could be viewed as a subordinate concept of Imperialism. This concept is relevant to the discovery of the New World during 15-20th century. __YS__


 * Treaty of Tordesillas, Treaty of Saragossa:** treaty made between Portugal and Spain. Treaty of Tordesillas was made in 1494 and Treaty of Saragossa was made in 1529. Both treaties restrained Portuguese and Spanish sailors. Portuguese were could explore Brazil, Asia and Africa and Spanish could explore rest of the New World and Phillipines.__YS__


 * New Technologies for Maritime Empires-** Maritime empires used new technologies to accomplish their goals of control of trade and also to explore new lands. New European designed ships were much improved by incorporating Asian technologies such as rudders to the ships. Sea charts also became a necessary part of nautical equipment and they became more and more accurate as more explorations took place. In addition, longitude-finding techniques improved. By exploiting these new technologies, maritime empires succeeded at controlling trade through key ports. Callie Strock

1. To risk a voyage with a following wind, with risk of never being able to return 2. To sail against a headwind and never get far __YS__
 * Fixed wind systems:** In the fixed wind system, contrasted with the monsoonal system, the direction of the prevailing winds never shifts for long. Therefore, the sailors who sail in this system have two choces.


 * Monsoons:** seasonal wind system that helps the sailors return to Europe by blowing toward land in summer then reversing the direction during winter. Until the sixteenth century, the only effective long-range routes were confined to monsoonal seas. Because of the monsoon system, Indian Ocean prospered for centuries. __YS__


 * Francisco Vieira da Figueriredo:** was a representitive figure who was a poor Portuguese soldier in the east who resorted to trade to make a living for himself (1642). Jenna Lee


 * The Gulf Stream:** discovered in 1513, the discovery of the Gulf Stream lead the establishment of the route that remains to the present day, for seaborne commerce (outward of the Americas, northward with the Gulf Stream to the region of westerlies back to Europe. __YS__


 * Japan Current** - current used by European explorer to get back to the west coast of the Americas from the Philippines; discovered by the expedition of 1564-1565; was one of the examples of exploiting the way the winds circulate in the Northern Pacific in order to facilitate trade with the New World //Shree Bose
 * Great Australia Current** - Part of trade route opened by the Dutch between Europe and the East Indies, bypassing the indian Ocean to the south with the westerlies and then turn north using the Great Australia Current along the west coast of Australia and go towards the Sunda Strait towards the East Indies Shree Bose
 * Pepper -** dominated the spice trade because cuisine at the time in both Europe and China privilege it as a flavor and because it was used in pickling processes that, along with drying and salting, were for a long time the only way to preserve food Shree Bose//


 * European Maritime Empires-** ** European Maritime empires were empires that focused on controlling a limited number of ports instead of large quantities of people and land. With small ports, the empires were able to have a strong influence in these Asian areas without having to control large amounts of land with weak influence. The main European empires were Portugal and the Dutch with the tangential powers of Spain, England, and France.- Stephen Levy

The Dutch East India Company** **-** In the 1590s, Jan van Linschoten persuading expanding Dutch business in the Indian Ocean. In 1602 a group of leading merchants formed a joint-stock company called the Dutch East India Company. This company was the Dutch's contact with Asia and spread the Dutch control throughout the continent. It brought different spices, textiles, and other materials. Stephen Levy


 * Dutch Success-** The Dutch established a dominant position as carriers of Europe's Asian trade in the 17th century, replacing the Portuguese. Their trade route was quick and very efficient. In addition, they had selectively aggressive policies that gradualy brought the Dutch more control of Asian communities. They also replaced Portugal because the many problems that the Portuguese were dealing with transferred the favor to the Dutch. Most importantly, the Dutch were successful because they were alliances with Japan, and being able to trade with them was quite a priveledged position. Callie Strock


 * Importance of trading with Japan**- Japan was the most valuable of trading enterprises in Asia because Japan was the world's leading producer of silver. Merchants could do service for Japanese businesses or give them goods in exchange for silver. This silver could in turn be used to by luxury items such as pepper, textiles, and aromatic woods from India and Indonesia.The silver was also used to buy silks, porcelain, rhubarb, and other materials from China. The injections of silver stimulated the world's markets and stimulated economic activity. Stephen Levy


 * Dutch "Golden Age"-** the Netherlands had formerly been a poor, cramped, beleaguered, divided, and marginal part of Europe, but now, due to the Dutch's success, experienced an age of wealth, art, empirebuilding, and military and naval power. Dutch imperialists challenged the Spanish Monarchy in parts of the new world, and they finally drove the Portuguese out of many places, including Sri Lanka. The Dutch also dominated the handling fo all the most valuable products of China and southeast Asia for European markets. Riley Genua


 * Joint-stock company-** A company founded by two or more people with shared ownership. Phillip Diffley


 * Stranger effect-** People tendency to defer to strangers as judges and arbitrators. This effect allowed the Spanish to take further control of the South American territory.Phillip Diffley


 * Country Trade-** trade that involved native trading communities to extend reach and supply while never touching Europe.Phillip Diffley


 * Treasure Fleets-** Convoys between Spain and America which supplied Europe with needed gold and silver as well as leading other merchants to spain. Phillip Diffley


 * Ottomans-** An empire superficially related to the Mughals who expanded greatly until 1529 when their expansion slowed. They inherited Universalist traditions from their steppeland ancestors, Islam, and Rome. Phillip Diffley


 * Ottoman Sultans -** derived their claim to rulership from three universalist traditions: one from their steppeland ancestors, whose aim was to make the limits of their empire match those of the sky; another from Islam, whose caliph's legacy and title, the sultans claimed; a third from ancient Rome, whose legacy they wrenched into their own grasp by conquering much former Roman imperial territory //Shree Bose//


 * Mughal Empire-** An empire that followed old fashion methods of expansion with religious tolerance. The originated from the Mongol Empire.Phillip Diffley


 * Portugal's Location:** Although it was a small country with few natural resources besides salt pans, Portugal was well placed, on the tip of the Iberian peninsula, and close to the place where trade winds spring. Francesca Roberts


 * Spice Islands:** The Spice Islands are now part of eastern Indonesia, and low-bulk, where high value goods like nutmeg, cloves, mace, camphor, and aromatic woods were grown. The Portuguese forced people to trade with them there. Francesca Roberts


 * Portuguese Integration:** The Portuguese blended with local societies as well as local politics and trade by marrying or living with local women, who supported their businesses. These marriages were beneficial in that the merchant got access to commercial contacts.Francesca Roberts


 * Wives' roles in Portugal-** The Portuguese blended into society by marrying the local women. These women supported their husbands' business. African or Indian wives administered their Portuguese husbands' estates while they were away on trading voyages. These marriages were mutually beneficial because the merchant gained contacts, while the women acquired rights to share the profits of his business under Portuguese law. In addition, the bride's family was often rewarded with offices in Portuguese firms or trading posts. Callie Strock


 * Turtle Ships-** These ships, with reinforced hulls and ship-killing cannons, were a startling new technology that the Korean navy used to stop the Japanese when they invaded Korea in 1592. The Japanese thought they could easily conquer the Koreans, but the Koreans used their turtle ships and their experience against pirates to make it impossible for the Japanese to supply and reinforce their armies. Callie Strock


 * Gujarat:** Gujaritis, who lived in Northern India, linked maritime trade with that of Armenian and Indian traders dispersed through Central Asia and Persia. These people were the biggest operators in banking as well as in commerce in the Arabian Sea. Francesca Roberts


 * "Trampling the Crucifix":** An annual rite where the Dutch had to trample the crucifix in order to trade with Japan, since many Japanese had been converted to Christianity. Most of the Dutch were Calvinists, who repudiated graven images such as crucifixes as contrary to the Ten Commandments. Francesca Roberts


 * Czar:** Title for the Russian Ruler, and allusion to Caesar. This alluded to Caesar's power and the power of the Roman Empire.Francesca Roberts


 * Ivan IV**- In 1555 the Czar Ivan IV began to call himself Lord of Siberia even though the Russians yet to control the territory. He then cut a deal with a large dynasty of fur dealers, the Stroganoffs, who payed for Ivan to be called the Lord of Siberia. Later in the 1570s, the Russians would promise protection from the fighting men of Siberia in exchange for paid tribute in furs. Ivan IV taking over of Siberia was an important economic move for the Russian empire that also greatly increased its territory. Stephen Levy


 * Russian Technology-** Like most of the other empires, the Russians had new technologies. They used firearms mounted on river barges to conquer Siberia, who was very surprised to see bullets when all they had were bow and arrows. Callie Strock


 * Chinese Imperialism-** Chinese Imperialism was much different from that of Russia and the Mughals. Not only did they dedicate themselves to economic exploitation and control of trade, but they also strived to spread the Chinese culture among the native peoples via Colonization. With their excellent natural resources and colonization, the Chinese were very successful. Callie Strock


 * Treaty of Nerchinsk**- in 1689, formalized Chinese claims to vast unexplored lands of doubtful extent in northeast Asia, where some map makers imagnined a huge land mass pointing to or even joining America. This was important because much of this particular territory was effectively beyond any practical frontier of settlement. Riley Genua


 * Toyotomi Hideyoshi**- A warlord who took over Japan at the end of a long era of civil war in 1585. He's an example of a ruler interested in maritime imperialism, showing his want for expansion when he refers to himself as god's choice for mastery of the world and when he talks about crushing China. He's also an example of someone spreading culture by force, because he planned for Koreans and Chinese to learn the Japanese customs and language unvoluntarily. Riley Genua


 * Batavia**- bore the old Roman name for Holland and was an example of a place in Asia with real Chinese colonists who settled the towns in large numbers and exploited the econonomy on a grand scale. Batavia used Western empire builders to protect and promote their own activites, with Soew Beng Kong and Jan Con as its entrepreneurs and collaborators who took on that certain job. Jan Con imported labor from China and diversified into the hinterland where he stateed a sugar plantation, therefore giving Batavia a brief and rickety boom in the 1630s.Riley Genua
 * Capitalism:** was not a European or religious specialty and is generally referred to as: A financial and social system in which capital, the non-labor factors of production is privately possessed labor, goods and capital are traded in markets; and proceeds dispersed to owners or invested in technologies and manufacturers. Jenna Lee


 * Babur:** an adventurer from Central Asia who raised war bands and exchanged kingdoms with a rapid turn-over unattainable elsewhere (eg. rugis mountains of India seperating it from Afaganistan). Jenna Lee


 * Suleiman the Magnificent**- was an army general of the Ottoman empire from the years 1520-1566. Suleiman overtook astonishing amounts of territory. In 1521 he took over the island of Rhodes in the Aegean sea and Hungry in 1525. He conquered Iraq from the Persians and most of the Red sea. At one point in 1529, Suleiman was called to go from Vienna to fight a war with the Persians. 1538 was Suleimans most magnificant year as general, he and his forces took over Moldavia, defeated the Portuguese at their strongholf of Diu in India, and wrecked a Christian fleet of the shores of Greece. Suleiman did the some of the most conquering in the Ottoman's storied history. Stephen Levy


 * Akbar:** grandson of Babur (r. 1556-1605). His priorites were explained vividly by the account by his friend and minister Abul Fazl Allami who explained the complexity of his 800 wives and how he ruled in detail. Jenna Lee


 * The Safavid Dynasty:** of Persia and the Ottomans was based in Turkey and dominated large sums of territory. Jenna Lee


 * Christophor Colombus:** envisaged no more than trading setup when he first saw what he thought was Japan, the Caribbean island of Hispanola in 1492, imagining a European merchant-colony under Spanish rule. But, he found so much more than he bargained for. Instead he found several Native American tribes of South America who supposedly ran around naked and had very antique tools and weapons. Jenna Lee


 * Dona Marina -** Important ingredient in Spanish diplomatic success; was the interpreter who was a native speaker of the main language of central Mexico and quickly picked up Spanish; was a crucial phase - the only person with the linguistic qualifications to mastermind negotiations; she was representative of the language barriers between the natives and the Spaniards. //Shree Bose//


 * Spanish Technology in the New World -** gun-carrying ships, steel-edged weapons, and crossbows were essential in the final siege of the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan, allowing them to patrol the lake that surrounded the city; the importance of guns and horses was probably slight, since they cannot be utilized easily in mountain warfare and street fighting. //Shree Bose//


 * Cornelia Cnoll-** Cornelia Cnoll was the Japanese wife of Peter Cnoll, a wealthy Dutch merchant, and the heiress of one of the first officials of the dutch East India company and his Japanese concubine. She became a business woman and administered her own fortune after her husband's death. She was also the heroine of one of the most protracted and expensive legal cases of the seventeenth century to get a divorce from her abusive. tyrannical, grasping, and exploitative second husband. This shows what women could do, even of Asian descent, during the seventeenth century. //Jennifer Truong//


 * Untung-** Untung was the Malay slave of Cornelia Cnoll who led a guerrilla band of runaway slaves through the backlands of Batavia, the capital of the Dutch East Indies. He became the king of the interior of Java. Jennifer Truong


 * Barbarossa-** The Barbarossa were the naval commanders during Suleiman the Great's reign in the Ottoman empire. They were an organized seaborne empire of war galleys and pirate havens.//Jennifer Truong//


 * Conquistadors-** Conquistadors were people that went to other countries to conquer them, gain their land, and attempt to gain profit from their conquering. //Jennifer Truong//


 * Jan Con**//-// // Jan Con was an energetic labor broker. He arrived from China in approximately 1629 and rose to prominence by farming coconuts and collecting the town's taxes on gambling and cattle raising. His main business was importing labor from China to work on canals and fortification. He started a sugar plantation and began harvesting lumber also as well as salt pans and minted lead coins which gave Batavia a brief boom but ended which led to the Dutch not fully trusting Chinese businessmen again. Jennifer Truong
 * Timur-** Timur was an ancestor to Babur, the Mughal emperor, who dreamed of building an empire like Timur's from the city of Samarkand in Central Asia, but after winning and losing the city twice, he turned to India to build his empire. Jennifer Truong//